Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy Essay Example

Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy Paper Medicare is a national social insurance program which was developed and managed by the United States in order to address the growing needs of the elderly Americans and other people who meet the requirements set by the government in order to qualify for the program. Medicare is offered to citizens of the United States who are 65 years and older and to other people with special disabilities. The Medicare program has been the biggest health insurance, single- payer, health care system in the United States. The Medicare program is enacted as a part of the Social Security Act Amendment in 1965 and was later on put into effect in 1966. The Social Security Act was enacted by the Congress and was later on signed by President Johnson. During the ceremony, President Johnson granted President Truman the privilege of being the first Medicare member and gave him the first ever Medicare card. By the end of 1966, Medicare has given aid and helped approximately 3. 9 million citizens and by 2003, studies show that Medicare has shed light to about 41 million citizens and it is precisely because of this that medicare plays a significant role in maintaining the quality of health care system in the country (Medicare, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Medicare was originally under the supervision and control of the Social Security Administration but it was transferred to the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) in 1977. Little by little, the Medicare program was being expanded to include and allow treatment to persons with kidney problems and people below 65 years of age that have certain types of disabilities. Medicare is part of a special program similar to that of the Social Security program of the government therefore it is not based on the monetary need of a person. It is a federal program which is financed by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) and because of this, the rules as to who would qualify as a member stays the same regardless of the place of treatment as long as it is in the United States (Medicare, 2009). The Medicare withholding tax rate is 2. 9% for both the employer and employee. Another 1. 45% of the employees’ wages and the pay matching the amount for the Medicare tax will also be withheld. The good thing about Medicare is that there is no wage base requirement for the tax so all employers and employees may continue paying the Medicare tax regardless of the amount of income (Berlin, 2009). The United States gives subsidy for citizens or residents for five years and over who are above sixty-five years of age, citizens who are physically disabled and has collected his Social Security earnings for at least two years, citizens who are candidates for kidney dialysis or transplant and individuals who have the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS-Lou Gehrig’s disease). The very purpose why Medicare was enacted was to make a difference in the lives of people who have health problems and to support people who do not have the financial capacity to afford treatments (Medicare, n. d. ). Due to its continuing growing numbers, certain changes in the benefits received by the members have to be made. Now, Medicare has two different types of packages for the members. Part A of the Medicare Program covers the hospital insurance and part B covers the supplementary medical insurance. Part A, the hospital insurance, encompasses all the problems experienced in hospital services. The package allows up to a hundred-day care including hospital services in a facility filled of skilled nurses following a hospital stay. If the person is not qualified for the coverage they can still join provided they pay the monthly fee. Part B of the Medicare service is optional and it involves non-hospital services of Medicare; this is called the Supplementary Medical insurance. It covers the follow-up checkup of physicians, hospital care, laboratory services and other hospital services. Medicare also has programs for home health care services. These are some of the recent changes that Medicare implemented over the years. When Medicare first began, the services were purely inpatient hospital care which covers about two-thirds of the total program but as of today, part B of the Medicare program has greatly stretched its horizon thereby representing a little over forty percent of the budget which was about the same amount as that of the inpatient care. Medicare also puts significance in the post-acute care and home cares services for the patients which are handled by a skilled nursing facility. Enrollment in part B of the Medicare program is voluntary but there is a charge for those who choose to join. Signing up for part B is encouraged because the premium charged is only twenty five percent of the total cost of the benefit. The monthly fee for this type of program was $93. 50 in 2007 and it is more likely to rise in the future. Aside from the premium, the Medicare members are required to pay extra charges as a part of the cost- sharing expense. A kind of supplemental insurance called the â€Å"Medicap† is fast-rising. It is recommended by the employers as a component of the retirement package and it may also be bought separately by the beneficiaries. A law was passed in the late 1980’s establishing a Qualified Medicare Beneficiary Program in order to utilize Medicaid to block up the gaps. Several programs such as the Specified Low Income Medicare Beneficiary Program were established primarily to help fill-up the Medicare’s cost sharing for members with small income who are not eligible for a full Medicaid benefit (Moon, 2002). Recent developments enable the government to modify their Medicare services again including a part C of the program. Part C enables the beneficiaries to join in a private health care arrangement and obtain from an exclusive provider all the Medicare services which include both parts A and B. This type of service offered is offered with different payment options which are most suitable for the beneficiary. Medicare is continuously expanding in order to further meet and exceed the expectations of the member for the furtherance of excellence in the quality of health care. In 2006, Part D of the Medicare program is added as a voluntary insurance plan. Beneficiaries of Part D will be charged a certain amount per month in exchange for prescription medicine treatment. The additional cost per month varies depending on the type of coverage chosen. Beneficiaries are encouraged to join this program because while it is voluntary, beneficiaries, especially senior citizens, are in a continuous need for health care assistance. The price of part D increases every year for those who do not immediately sign up for this program. Medicare is specifically designed to provide medical care and not long-term care (LTC) therefore; the Medicare’s treatment is restricted for long term care. Medicare will pay the expenses for LTC as long as the following requirements are met: the seventy-two hour rule, medical necessity and the availability of the place where care can be implemented. The seventy two hour rule provides that a person must be admitted to a hospital facility for at least three full days and nights; the condition must be of such medical necessity that care must be administered in a hospital (Investopedia staff, 2009). As of 2009, the Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates have been updated. The premium for Part A Medicare is now $244 a month for people who have 30-39 quarters of Medicare-covered work. People who are not qualified for a premium-free hospital and have less than 30 quarters of their Medicare covered by their employer, the premium is $443 every month. Part B costs $ 135 every year (Medicare, 2009). Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) was enacted on July 15, 2008 when the former President Bush’s veto was overridden by the Congress. This law made some changes to the Medicare program (Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act, 2008). This newly enacted law made certain changes to the physician pay. In the middle of 2008, the Medicare Physician Fee (MPFS) has a reduced rate of -10. 6 percent or a grant of 1. 1% which has been retroactively substituted with the fee schedule rates which had taken effect starting from January to June. These rates are also being revised in order to increase the fee for several mental health services. The law also states that incentives will be given to doctors who will use electronic prescriptions. This Act aims to include or qualify an individual program that compensates for the Medicare premiums of people who have low-income beneficiaries (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, 2007). One of the reasons why Congress decided to pass the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act is to improve the quality of health care by seeing to it that access to health care services are given to all citizens. The law also enhances the amount of assets that the applicants may enjoy and still be eligible for the Medicare Savings Program which aims to help beneficiaries of low income to compensate for the costs of the Medicare benefits. This legislation also expanded the coverage for the mental health services and gave authorization to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to cover preventive services. In order to raise funds for the increase of salary for doctors and extend the assistance programs for people with low income, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act reduces some of the funds from the Medicare Advantage program; this is a program of private health plans that accept payments from Medicare (Global Legal Information Network, 2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) involves the measurement and evaluation of the nutritional level of the patients suffering from any condition or illness that puts them at risk. It includes the monitoring of a person’s nutritional status and providing him with the proper diet in order to improve his condition such as those caused by diabetes and heart disease. MNT may be classified as a medical necessity for treating, controlling and preventing diseases. This process includes reviewing and analyzing the medical and dietary background of the patient including the laboratory values and the anthropometric measurements (American Dietetic Association, 2009). A healthy eating lifestyle plays a significant role in controlling diabetes and renal ailments. Medicare pays for the medical nutrition therapy in order to lend a hand to individuals who are suffering from diabetes or renal diseases. Services include nutrition and lifestyle check, nutrition counseling and follow-up sessions (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005). The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) laid down procedures for Medicare treatment specifically medical nutrition therapy. Only registered dietitians are qualified to deal with patients. The registered dietitian must have a valid license and a good credential in order to practice the profession. It is also the job of the attending physician to refer them to Medicare in order to be covered under the Medicare Part B. The Medicare plan covers about three hours of personal counseling service during the first year and two hours for every succeeding year depending on the condition. If the diagnosis has been modified, the person with a doctor’s referral may be able to get a few more hours of treatment. Doctor’s prescription and yearly renewal of referral is a requirement for the continued availability of these services every calendar year. The individuals who are qualified with this type of Medicare plan are those who have diabetes and kidney diseases but are not on dialysis or have not experienced kidney transplant. People with an existing Medicare are required to pay twenty percent of the amount for the nutritional diet therapy subject to the deduction of Medicare part B (Medicare, 2008). For purposes of understanding and learning more about medical nutrition therapy, renal disease may be defined as certain medical condition of a person who has been discharged from the hospital within the past six months after a renal transplant. Chronic renal insufficiency involves a decrease in the renal function which is not that serious enough to require a dialysis. Diabetes is defined as an abnormal condition of the glucose metabolism (Medicare coverage of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT), n. d. ). A medical nutrition therapy provider may be given directly by the Medicare Advantage plan or recommended by the doctor. These registered nutrition specialist may be found in hospitals, day care and health clinics. If the provider will be given directly by the Medicare, a beneficiary should ask if they are among the participating providers, the amount of charge and whether or not they accept the assignment. This is important because if the provider declines the assignment or is not one of those qualified by Medicare, the counseling services will not be covered (Medical Nutrition Therapy, 2008). Importance of Nutritional Counseling in Medical Nutrition Therapy Nutrition counseling involves a mixture of knowledge in nutrition as well as proper psychological training which will be delivered by a highly-qualified nutrition counselor who has the ability to understand and work in a medical setting. The main priority of these sessions is to focus on the nutrition intake of a person and his feelings while eating. Studies show that a deep approach can provide excellent dietary obedience results. This is important in medical nutrition therapy because it gives a coherent framework thereby preparing the atmosphere for maximum dietary adherence always keeping in mind that the main goal of nutritional counseling should be to achieve full nutritional devotion. Nutritional counseling together with medical nutrition therapy can produce amazing effects in improving the health of a person. In medical nutrition therapy, the patient’s nutritional intake is being monitored in order to monitor, treat and prevent all possible illness which is affected with the food intake of a person (Snetselaar, n. d. , p. 3, 10). A Brief Comparison of the Nutrition Care Process for Nutrition Education and Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Nutrition Education may be defined as the strengthening of the fundamental or vital nutrition-related information while Medical nutrition therapy is a more detailed application of the whole nutrition care process in any medical setting which centers mainly on the examination and management of ailments. As compared to nutrition education, Medical nutrition therapy involves a deeper assessment of the nutrition level of a certain individual. In nutrition education, interested persons often take the initiative to go to healthy nutrition classes or to consult a physician while in Medical nutrition therapy, the primary care provider sends the dietetics professional or registered dietitians (DTR or RD) written referrals for examinations of kidney related diseases or diabetes. In nutrition education, the dietetics professionals inquire about the person’s concern and any nutritional questions and sometimes they often make the person answer a certain questionnaire prior to setting up an appointment. In MNT the Dietetics professional himself gauges the nutrition level using the MNT Evident-based guidelines and the best available client information such as the medical records and then makes his diagnosis after proper analysis. In nutrition education, dietetics professional gives the client information about nutrition and taking care of the heart and body and relays information as to what he needs to most but in MNT; the good thing is that the dietetics professional himself identifies the client’s needs and sets up goals to be achieved by the client. After setting up the goals and motivating the client, the registered dietitian arranges several visits in order to monitor and check if the client is indeed doing some adjustments in his lifestyle in order to solve his nutritional problems and medical condition (The American Dietetic Association, 2006). Training is essential for a registered dietitian in order to attain a cost-efficient medical nutrition therapy program. Registered dietitians are recommended to attend seminars and special classes in order to hone and enhance their skills. Medical nutrition therapy follows a certain guideline in order to guarantee that the patient is getting the best care and treatment possible. The main purpose of evaluation in medical nutrition therapy is to find out and measure the persons’ need for therapy and to set the boundaries and generate ideas as to how to develop an effective plan that should give the best results on the individual. The medical background and history of an individual is necessary in order to administer the proper care to the individual. Prior operations, medication and maintenance should be investigated because it may affect the outcome of the therapy. A prior history of paralysis for instance, may affect the person’s capacity to eat thereby restricting his mobility and increasing the risk of complications which calls for a good nutrition intake in order to be cured. Some medicinal components may react badly and impede with the absorption of nutrients. Several dietary supplements and vitamins may also cause nutritional imbalance (Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z, 2008). Physical assessment for medical nutritional therapy includes information about the individual like the sex, body mass index, weight and height. Physical feature is also necessary because some nutritional deficiencies manifest in appearances such as iron deficiencies which appears in the hair and nails. Weight history is also important because sudden increase or loss of weight indicates a nutritional dilemma (Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z, 2008). Psychosocial assessment pertains to the profile of the person’s financial status, cultural and ethnical background, educational attainment, career or occupation, mental health and access to proper food source in order to consistently achieve good health. These factors help determine a person’s ability to follow through on his therapies. If a person is living in a house plenty of occupants or has a small income, there is a tendency of limited food access. Some exceptional situations provide for a total change in living environment in order experience development in his nutritional health. For example, a person with amputated legs has been diagnosed with diabetes and is living alone may eat only once or twice a day. There is a big possibility that his access to food may be very limited due to the difficulty of his situation. It would be best if he transferred to another facility where he can ask for assistance anytime. Reviewing the dietary history is a necessary assessment. It can be evaluated through the use of a food questionnaire or a food diary. In determining the quantity of sodium and fat in the diet, examination of the food preparation methods is necessary (Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z, 2008). Studies show that there are several public related health benefits of medical nutrition therapy. The American Diabetes Association recommended a new guideline that prioritizes nutrition intervention as an essential part of a change in lifestyle which is extremely necessary in diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention. It is also beneficial to put attention on the totality of the dietary pattern of a person as compared to individual nutrient approach. Studies also show that there is a twelve percent decrease in the risk of heart disease if the dietary regimen of a person focuses on increasing fruit and vegetable intake and avoid eating sodium rich products. A combination of diet therapy and food consumption of garlic, low cholesterol and low fat diets would greatly lower the risk for the development of a chronic heart disease. Research provides that counseling provided by registered dietitians produce more effective results in decreasing the cholesterol level as compared to the counseling done by physicians (Health Steps, Rx, n. d. ). Medical Nutrition Therapy plays a very significant part in improving the quality of care of persons who have various complications and diseases. Most of the time, people with chronic kidney diseases do not consult a dietitian is because of the deficiency of insurance treatment for medical nutrition therapy. Undergoing this therapy can help improve their health and lifestyle. As a matter of fact, it is encouraged that even people without sickness should have their nutritional assessment just to make sure that they are getting the right amount of nutrition the body needs. When it comes to a person’s health, it pays more to be careful. Most people go through life day by day without realizing that little by little their nutritional intake is going to a dangerous level that might cause or aggravate any present disease that they have. http://www. weber. edu/WSUImages/athletictraining/Medical%20Nutrition%20Therapy%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D. pdf References American Dietetic Association. (2009). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. eatright. org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs. xsl/advocacy_2162_ENU_HTML. htm Benedict, M. (2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. faqs. org/nutrition/Kwa-Men/Medical-Nutrition-Therapy. html Berlin, R. (2009). What are Payroll Taxes?. Law. com. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://www. alllaw. com/articles/tax/article5. asp Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2007). Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. cms. hhs. gov/apps/media/press/release. asp? counter=3200 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2005). Medical Nutrition Therapy Services. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. cms. hhs. gov/MedicalNutritionTherapy/03_BeneResources. asp Global Legal Information Network. (2008). Medicare Improvements for Patients and providers Act of 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. glin. gov/view. action? glinID=63996 Health Steps Rx. ( N. d. ). Evidence Supports Medical Nutrition Therapy for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. healthstepsrx. com/services/other/files/MNTevidence. pdf (2000). Medicare. The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery. The Thompson Gale Group Inc. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/medicare Investment Dictionary. (N. d. ). Medicare. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/medicare. asp Investopedia Staff. (2009). What Does Medicare Cover?. Investopedia, A Forbes Digital Company. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/05/030405. asp? partner=answers Medicare Coverage of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT). N. d. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from www. rd411. com/diabetes_center/article_download. php? ID=26pro Medicare. (2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. medicare. gov/Health/nutritiontherapy. asp Medicare. com. (2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. medicare. com/services-and-procedures/medical-nutrition-therapy. html Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates for 2009. (2008). Medicare. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://questions. medicare. gov/cgi-bin/medicare. cfg/php/enduser/std_adp. php? p_faqid=2100 Moon, M. (2002). Medicare. The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health. New York; MacMillan. Snetselaar, L. (N. d. ) Nutrition Counseling Skills for Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://books. google. com. ph/books? id=kXaiWrLYLbACpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=definition+of+medical+nutrition+therapysource=blots=LlPrjejFPbsig=A5nP8fm343viXPhmWvi402k5QNAhl=tlei=5oL2SZq_F4yIkAWRp6X3Cgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4#PPR5,M1 The American Dietetic Association. (2006). Comparison of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) Nutrition Care Process for Nutrition Education Services and the ADA Nutrition Care Process for Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Services. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. eatright. org/ada/files/chart_of_mnt_vs__nut_ed_revised_short_version_8_06. pdf

Free Essays on COLLEGE

High school is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 1300 SAT and a 2.7 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. 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A policy of imperialism in America

A policy of imperialism in America From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, Americans pursued a policy of imperialism that became referenced as Social Darwinism. This Imperialist Age left a positive impact on America through the military and economic worlds. Leading the nations, the United States felt that colonies were crucial to military power. Militarism and imperialism were both connected. They were connected because imperialism meant the stronger taking control of the weaker and having a strong military is what America wanted to have to be the more powerful nation and take control. Europeans have been taking control for years and America didn’t want to be next Imperialism made the military row stronger for its country. In the 19th century, military power was a form of imperial strength. A nation needed a strong military to protect its interests and support its policies. â€Å"Seeing that other nations were establishing a global military presence, American leaders advised that the United States build up its own military strength†(Holt 549) Strong armies and navies were needed to take care of the United States, to protect trade among other countries, and stay strong against threats and rivals. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy urged the government officials to strengthen and put time/money into the American naval power. â€Å"As a result of the urging of Mahan and others, the United States built nine steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890†(Holt 549). This was done in order to compete with other nations. Governments and leaders who have not been able to maintain their armies and navies are considered less than or weaker than other countries. Americans military strengthened and overcame many obstacles for it to be one of the armies of the leading nations.This wasn’t the only positive effect but also. In the late 19th century, advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce more than the average amount of American citizens could consume. The United States needed more material for the factories and new, different markets for its goods. â€Å"Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American overproduction and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression†(Holt 549). The motive for nineteenth-century European imperialism is that imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers. Some Americans formed the idea that Social Darwinism came into play. â€Å"A belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest†(Holt 550). America was growing and reaching to the top of the economy list of the world and many believed that the United States had the responsibility to help the inferior peoples. Because the American economy advanced and produce more goods, the country became richer than ever and helped make the economy boom. Overall imperialism really had a major factor when having the United States military grow stronger as it pushed the country to protect its interests and support its policies. But also help the economy rise, advance in technology, and produce more goods.

DFS Presentation Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DFS Presentation Assignment - Case Study Example Increased competition, operative costs, overhead, and the need for augmented efficiency in operations make the need for DFS to adopt lean supply chain. DFS can make its supply chain agiler and lean through: †¢ Collaboration with suppliers and customers of DFS to get instant demand and supply information for efficient response to demand changes is one way of making DFS supply chain agile and lean †¢ Reducing all the processes and operations at DFS that have no added value to the consumer (Sople, 2011, 115) †¢ Reducing lead time for raw materials and components is the other manner of implementing lean supply chain (Sople, 2011, 115) †¢ Documenting all the supply chain processes and standardizing them will also allow DFS manage a lean and agile supply chain †¢ Collection of up to date information allows management to make supply decisions that efficiently and effectively meet demand †¢ Providing workers with information on high-quality requirement at the business will ensure more client satisfaction and meet the needs of an agile and lean supply chain for high-quality products †¢ Information can also guide DFS in setting up new distribution centers in areas near customer locations to allow for more responsiveness to changing consumer needs within a short period of time †¢ Use of the internet to easily receive and collect demand information and dispatch supplies to the consumers

Reflective practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Reflective practice - Essay Example Reflective practice is one of the most important concepts in contemporary management in various contexts (Arnold & Development Research, 2012). From schools, businesses, personal initiatives, group projects, and healthcare facilities, reflective practice has been used to enhance the assimilation and comprehension of initiatives. Apart from providing a retrospective angle of a particular initiative, which involves â€Å"retreat in order to advance† mentality, reflective practice gives teams and individuals a critical perspective of a process that enables the transmission of knowledge to other people. For example, reflective practice is highly to the business effective in educational settings where students’ comprehension can be significantly enhanced by looking back at past lessons (Tarrant, 2013). Reflective practice is desirable for the MEGA experience because it enables greater understanding of the plans put forward by the team members and, consequently, promotes a po sitive contribution from all participants. Since the activities involved in the experience are business-oriented, reflective practice enabled the team members to identify potential mistakes in projections, goals, and budgets (Roffey-Barentsen & Malthouse, 2013). In terms of analysis, it provides the team members with an opportunity to refine the three aspects based on the corrective measures adopted, and significantly improves the team’s analytic capacity with regards to the business.

Being Black Essay Example for Free

Being Black Essay For my second formal writing piece I am considering writing about Shelby Steeles essay ? On Being Black and Middle Class. I find this piece interesting because Steele starts his piece with a contradiction his friend makes, and then he continues to unfold his view on the matter and how he started to change his mind over periods of time during his life. ?If you were black, you were just black and that was that (p. 687). Although I am not black, I have discovered that all of us change our views as we grow older. I love the examples Steele uses to describe his change of mind. He comments that ? race never fully explained our situation in American society (p 687). Class also plays an important role on who you become in life. Steele explains that the middle-class blacks in the sixties were caught in a double-bind in life; the race which they belong to and also the class in which they were brought up in. I agree with him on this point. Class has a lot to do with who you become and where you go in life. Even now, race plays a major part as well. People still look at others differently because of the color of their skin. Steele describes that society wants blacks to see themselves as a ? minority and I agree with that. I have heard many people comment on how someone performs a job using the color skin as an excuse. As a society, I believe that we are still trying to separate races and classes. Just like certain whites are looked down upon because of their living standards, the same happens to many blacks. ?The black middle class has always defined its class identity by means of positive images gleaned from middle- and upper-class white society, and by means of negative images of lower-class blacks (p 690). I agree with this because many people today dont seem to think there is such a thing as the black middle-class. Blacks are mainly thought of as lower-class citizens and whites as upper- and middle-class citizens. The people caught up in this class must make themselves known. They are their own people, not a mixture from others. Steele describes one of his professors telling him that he wasnt really black because he wasnt disadvantaged (p 692). This professor was classifying all blacks as disadvantaged, and if a black person happened to make it into the world as an individual, they were supposed to drop all connections with their race and their background. Obviously this is unacceptable. You are never able to forget and ignore your past and the people you came from. They are a part of you for your entire life. Another professor describes a situation where he was unable to allow blacks to stay in his boarding house because the color of their skin might offend the other boarders. As Steele puts it, ? he could not recognize that he was asking me to betray my race in the name of my class (p 694). Everyone must be able to identify with themselves as a whole person. Your race, your class and the role you play in society. If Steels had known better, he would have realized that he was actually being insulted non-directly. He is unable to change the color of his skin, but both professors were degrading the race he was a part of. This race is embedded in him and he should never forget it. Time has past and he now has come to this realization, but people need to be aware of what is being said around them. Those comments were unacceptable. Today is a bit different because in the sixties people could get away saying those type of things. Its harder to say things like that now. Almost anything can be taken as an insult somehow nowadays. Those are the main parts of Steeles essay and I will be using more details in describing these matters more clearly. Race and class both play a major part in all of our lives, and we need to be aware of where we are in society.

Stonehenge :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stonehenge, located in England has been a wonder of the world for years and years to come. Its mystery is baffling and can be seen as inconceivable. For over 5,000 years it has stood silently in its current position. It has been excavated, x-rayed, measured, and surveyed. Even though so much has been discovered about this wonder, such as its age and the way it was constructed, its real purpose still remains a mystery. No other place has generated so many theories as to its purpose than the great standing stones of Stonehenge. (www.mysteriousplaces.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The semi nomadic peoples that populated the Salisbury Plain began to build what is now known as Stonehenge around 3500 BC. Originally this stone structure was a circular ditch with 56 holes forming a ring around the perimeter. The first stone place in it was the Heel stone. (www.mysteriousplaces.com) About 200 years later, 80 blocks of blue stone were taken from a quarry nearly 200 miles away in the Prescelly Mountains. (www.mysteriousplaces.com) These stones were stood up forming two circles joined together. At some point in time this original structure of the site was dismantled and the blue stones were moved with in the circle. The gigantic stones were installed at this time also. Some of these stones weigh as much as 26 tons and it is still a mystery as to how a supposed primitive people moved them to a location 200 miles away. (www.mysteriousplaces.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The construction of the site is also a complete mystery. There are carefully carved lintels that are placed on top of upright stone blocks, which are held in place by ball and socket use. The constructions of these have become known as, â€Å"trilithons†. (www.mysteriousplaces.com) The final block added to the site was the alter block, which is a large block of green sandstone from South Wales. It was placed in front of one of the trilithons. (www.mysteriousplaces.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years, each new generation has tended to these monuments. Seeing as nothing last more than a few decades in this day in age, it is completing awing to imagine the fact that a people maintained this structure for almost 2 millennia. (www.mysteriousplaces.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most pondered question of this great Stonehenge is the question of its use. What was it built? Nothing can be certain, but there are definitely well educated theories. For instance, Gerald Hawkins’ theory. He was an astronomer of the 1960’s and he used a computer to provide concrete evidence that Stonehenge was used to observe the heavens.

E-Commerce Security Issues

[pic] INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT Name of the candidate: ISHA Enrollment no. : 01215903911 Course: MBA Batch: 2011-13 Subject: E-business Subject code: MS-114 Topic of assignment: Is security a real or perceptual problem in Web commerce. Subject Teacher’s name: Ms. Sneha Chopra ABSTRACT This project report contains the study of â€Å"is security a real or perceptual problem in web commerce†. The content includes the security related issues being faced by the companies or organizations in their business through e-commerce. The tools being available in market to cope with such issues and a company named ZANTAZ being involved in solving such issues like threats, hacking, frauds, and theft etc. The example of such company facing hacking issues (Facebook) is also included in the study. The emerging security related issues how been tackled and their impact on the business transactions are being discussed. Table of content |S. no |Content |Pg no | | | | | |1. Introduction |4 | |2 |Advantages & disadvantages of e-commerce |5-7 | |3 |Security a real problem |7-9 | |4 |Security issues |10-11 | |5 |Security tools |12 | |6 |Ex-Facebook |13-14 | |7 |Conclusion |15 | |8 |Viper report |16 | |9 |Source |17 | INTRODUCTION According to Wiegand (1997): â€Å"Any form of economic activity conducted via electronic connections† is called e-commerce. Web commerce  is a form of  electronic commerce  that is conducted primarily through the  World Wide Web  and other aspects of the  Internet. In e-commerce the business transactions are carried out on internet and includes purchase and selling of goods and services. Many business firms set up their website in order to display their products & services for consumers to purchase or to get access by using web browser. Websites present the consumer with various options for searching and selecting products and services, which offer speed and convenience of shopping from home or the office. The consumer gains benefits of shopping 24 hours a day. [pic] Recently the Worldwide E-Commerce Fraud Prevention Network was formed by American Express and e-tailers such as Amazon. com and Buy. com to establish common grounds for reducing the threats created by increasing reliance on the Internet for commerce. Membership has expanded swiftly to now include 375 large and small players united to promote the growth of e-commerce in large part by keeping fraud to a minimum. Consumer privacy is becoming the most publicized security issue replacing theft and fraud as top concerns in e-commerce. The DDOS attacks demonstrated that business sites did not maintain adequate security protection and intrusion detection measures. Security, however, is not just a matter of technology; implementing technology without the proper organizational processes will not solve security problems. There are a number of critical social and organizational issues with security. The first is that the weak link in security is often users or employees, rather than the technology. The second is software engineering management, or managing how security technology is deployed. The third is the development of adequate organizational processes for risk management, separation of duties, and development of security policies, access control, and security assurance. Advantages of E-commerce Lower Cost Doing e-business is cost effective; it reduces logistical problems and provides a small business with competitive advantage with giants such as Amazon. com or General Motors. E commerce helps in reducing cost of business as it enables to get access to large population. Economy It helps in development of economy. It provides the business an international platform to do transactions and get a competitive advantage in the economy and increase the productivity. Higher Margins E-business along with higher margins helps in gaining more control and flexibility and enables to save time when manual transactions are done electronically. Better Customer Service E–commerce means better and quicker customer service. Online customer service makes customers happier. Instead of calling your company on the phone, the web merchant gives customers direct to their personal account online. This saves time and money Quick Comparison Shopping E–commerce helps consumers to comparison shop. Automated online shopping assistants called hop bots scour online stores and find deals on everything from apples to printer ribbons. Productivity Gains Implementing the web throughout an organization means improved productivity. For example IBM incorporated the web into every corner of the firm – products, marketing, and practices. Teamwork It has made the interaction easier through e-mails. It has transformed the way organizations interact with suppliers, vendors, business partners, and customers–mail is one example of how people collaborate to exchange information and work on solutions Information Sharing, Convenience, and Control Electronic commerce improves information sharing between merchants and customers and promotes quick, just–in–time deliveries. They can interact at any time through internet without any traffic jams, no crowds etc. Disadvantages of E–commerce Security Security continues to be a problem for online businesses. A customer does not feel confident about the secrecy of the payment process before they purchase anything. Unauthorized access and hacking of information are the major concern. System and Data Integrity Data protection and the integrity of the system are serious concerns. Viruses cause unnecessary delays, file backups, storage problems, danger of hackers and other similar difficulties. System Scalability A business develops an interactive interface with customers with a website. A website must be scalable, or upgradable on a regular basis to make sure customers remain with them. E–commerce is not free Establishing a web based organization involves huge funds or investment by the management. Brands are expected to lower search costs, build trust, and communicate quality. Customer Relations Problems It is the foremost objective of the organization to maintain the customer’s loyalty with them because they cannot survive in the market for long term without them. Products People won't buy online People mostly don’t prefer to buy furniture’s for ex, online because they want to sit on it feel the texture of the fabric and therefore a website called furniture. com or living. com, have failed. Fake sites There are many bad sites which eat up customers’ money. Product quality There is no guarantee of product quality as customers cannot touch or test the product before the deal. [pic] Security is a real problem in web commerce. Security issues are rising day by day in web commerce and have become a major problem in the economy. The opaqueness of data collection methods on the World Wide Web has given rise to privacy concerns among Internet users. The number of hacking cases has risen and fake sites are countless on net. From this we can assume how secure our business transactions on the internet. To overcome this problem many software such as firewall, etc has been developed and installed in the organizations database so that the information is been secured from outside users. Security means â€Å"freedom from risk and danger†. In e-business security is the main concern of the business. How safe you are while conducting business on internet is the issue of nowadays. Consumers fear the loss of their financial data, and e-commerce sites fear the financial losses. Studies have shown that consumers are concerned about the lack of privacy on the Web. For example, Ryker et al. [2002] quote a Price Water House Coopers study indicating that 92% of consumers are worried about privacy, with 61% refuses to shop online. Forrester research has found that privacy fears inhibit nearly 50% of consumers from shopping online and suggests that consumers often decline to provide data requested by websites and provide false information. Online privacy and online security are distinct. Privacy concerns arise when consumers' personal information is retrieved online without the consumer's consent or knowledge and is sold to third parties without the consumer's consent or knowledge. Whereas, online security relates to the confidentiality of the information, system's ability to secure itself against the conduct of unauthorized third parties, such us hackers, who attempt to access the Web site's stored information. Security Issues in web commerce:- Three types of security threats 1. Denial of service, 2. Unauthorized access, and 3. Theft and fraud 1). Denial of Service (DOS):- Two primary types of DOS attacks: spamming and viruses a) Spamming Sending unsolicited commercial emails to individuals E-mail bombing caused by a hacker targeting one computer or network, and sending thousands of email messages to it. Surfing involves hackers placing software agents onto a third-party system and setting it off to send requests to an intended target. DDOS (distributed denial of service attacks) involves hackers placing software agents onto a number of third-party systems and setting them off to simultaneously send requests to an intended target. b) Viruses: self-replicating computer programs designed to perform unwanted events c) Worms: special viruses that spread using direct Internet connections d) Trojan Horses: disguised as legitimate software and trick users into running the program 2). Unauthorized access a) Illegal access to systems, applications or data b) Passive unauthorized access – listening to communications channel for finding secrets. May use content for damaging purposes c) Active unauthorized access. †¢ Modifying system or data. †¢ Message stream modification †¢ Changes intent of messages, e. g. to abort or delay a negotiation on a contract d) Masquerading or spoofing – sending a message that appears to be from someone else. †¢ Impersonating another user at the â€Å"name† (changing the â€Å"From† field) or IP levels (changing the source and/or destination IP address of packets in the network) e) Sniffers – software that illegally access data traversing across the network. 3). Theft and fraud a. Fraud occurs when the stolen data is used or modified b. Theft of software via illegal copying from company’s servers c. Theft of hardware, specifically laptops, pen drive, cds, hard disk etc. E-COMMERCE SECURITY TOOLS:- 1. Firewalls- software and hardware 2. digital certificates 3. digital signatures 4. ublic key infrastructure 5. encryption software 6. Biometrics- retinal scan, fingerprints, voice, etc. 7. passwords 8. Locks and bars- network operations centers. An example:- Driven by information preservation rules, corporations within the financial services sector have begun to seek assistance from companies such as ZANTAZ, a leading provider of Compliance Technology Solutions. With the help of companies like ZANTAZ, a corporation can deploy proactive compliance initiatives that: a) Automatically capture, archive and instantly retrieve email, attachments, and IM; b) Monitor and supervise email, IM and other electronic communication; and ) Quickly restore data from back-up tapes in the event of an audit, litigation or investigation. Companies like ZANTAZ have gone to great lengths to empower a corporation to quickly, efficiently, and cost effectively deploy proactive compliance solutions associated with electronic communication preservation, supervision, and record-keeping regulations. Example- â€Å"Facebook – security issues† One of the example of the company facing security issue worldwide is Facebook. Facebook has been under heavy attack since the last two year as the popular social networking site has become the victim of a severe hacking spree affecting nearly every user on the site. it has become a severe problem worldwide and is still increasing. The hacks do not seem to have specific targets but happen at random with some user’s newsfeeds being littered with objectionable content and others not seeing anything. This led to the temporarily blocking of site and unable to access the information by the users. Some of the hacks happen in the form of â€Å"click' spam being sent out. A popular spam involves Kim Kardashian with a link to a video. It will say something like â€Å"After watching this video I lost all respect for Kim. † Upon clicking, the link takes the unsuspecting person nowhere, and hacks the account sending the same spam to all of the user’s friends. Other spams include mass messages and tagged photos leading people to believe they are in the link or involved with it because it is not personalized. Those will also have the same result, and continue the spamming of others walls. Impact on customer Users are outraged and some are considering deleting their profiles. Actress and director, Courtney Zito, told The ChristianPost, â€Å"I have 5000 friends. My feed is littered with porn. I can't even check my news feed with anyone around because of it†. This led to the decrease in the market share and people have removed their pictures and are now afraid of posting anything on profile. Computer hackers attempt to break into at least 600,000 Facebook accounts using stolen username and password details every day, the social networking giant have revealed. The latest revelation came after Facebook issued a security announcement promoting its new ‘Trusted Friends' password restoration technique. Many of the hackers are caught out by additional authentication questions, such as asking users to identify friends in pictures, but many attempts are successful. this problem has helped contribute to the demise of Myspace a couple of years ago. The spam ran rampant ultimately causing many of the users to switch to the â€Å"safer† Facebook. [pic] Conclusion Security is now understood to be largely imperfect, the continual cat-and-mouse game of security expert and hacker. Important technical developments have been deployed in the last five years; however, it is clear that organizational policies may play as an important role in site security. The results of this study provide support for the assumption that consumer e-commerce adoption/rejection decisions are determined by rational behavior in terms of channel net value seen as the perceived balance of power between the overall benefits that are likely to accrue by using the Internet, and the overall barriers encountered to using it or to deriving the sought benefits: Internet adopters, and especially the consumers who have embraced online shopping, perceive the total benefits of e-commerce as exceeding the total impediments to embracing/using e-commerce, whereas Internet non-adopters consider the impediments to e-commerce as drastically surpassing the benefits offered by the commercial Internet. VIPER REPORT [pic] SOURCES 1. http://www. allbusiness. om/technology/software-services-applications-online-security/11565464-1. html#ixzz1kNGJjj94 2. http://www. allbusiness. com/technology/software-services-applications-online-security/11565464-1. html 3. www. manjeetss. com/art icles/advantagesdisadvantagesecommerce. htm 4. http://www. allbusiness. com/technology/software-services-applications-online-security/11565464-1. html#ixzz1kNOllPwd 5. http://www. pcworld. com/article/160545/facebook_hit_by_five_security_problems_in_one_week. html 6. http://www. dailymail. co. uk/sciencetech/article-2054994/Facebook-hackers-attempting-crack-600-000-accounts-day. html 7. http://www. eecs. umich. edu/~ackerm/pub/03e05/EC-privacy. ackerman. pdf

Youth problems

I believe that the graduate study would be able to help me achieve this dream This program . graduate study . uld help me become more develop and equip on the things that I want to learn that I can be able to use In my teaching career In the future . I believe that It is not sufficient to be a graduate of a normal school or college , or to stand high in the profession of teaching . Like the students , the teacher must grow , and this growth must be long lines both professional and general _ The teacher must have knowledge of educational movements and a familiarity with the progress in educational thought and research . Hence . ith the rogress In education literature and new educauon textbooks , and adopt the new Ideas that are sound that I can learn from the graduate school The zeal with which the teacher takes up and tests them in is one of the most helpful features of education work . The graduate school would help me become an earnest searcher and investigator in my own profession al field _ Thus , this program would develop my ability to create effective learning situation youth problems By bosya TermPaperWarehouse. com – Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents TheHome Page? » Social Issues Since childhood , it is my dream to be a teacher . It is the noblest Job in the world there are no teachers thus , the future of our nation lies on the teacher ‘s hands . This principle is inculcated in my mind and it motivates me to pursue this dream of profession I have chosen which is to be a good teacher someday because I want to to further my studies in education where I can be a competitive teacher and a role This program , graduate study , would help me become more develop and equip on he things that I want to learn that I can be able to use in my teaching career in the future .I believe that it is not sufficient to be a graduate of a normal school or general . The teacher must have knowledge of educational movements and a familiarity with th e progress in educational thought and research . Hence , with the progress in education literature and new education textbooks , and adopt the new ideas that are sound that I can learn from the graduate school The zeal with which and investigator in my own professional field . Thus , this program would develop my Youth problems I believe that the graduate study would be able to help me achieve this dream This program . graduate study . uld help me become more develop and equip on the things that I want to learn that I can be able to use In my teaching career In the future . I believe that It is not sufficient to be a graduate of a normal school or college , or to stand high in the profession of teaching . Like the students , the teacher must grow , and this growth must be long lines both professional and general _ The teacher must have knowledge of educational movements and a familiarity with the progress in educational thought and research . Hence . ith the rogress In education literature and new educauon textbooks , and adopt the new Ideas that are sound that I can learn from the graduate school The zeal with which the teacher takes up and tests them in is one of the most helpful features of education work . The graduate school would help me become an earnest searcher and investigator in my own profession al field _ Thus , this program would develop my ability to create effective learning situation youth problems By bosya TermPaperWarehouse. com – Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents TheHome Page? » Social Issues Since childhood , it is my dream to be a teacher . It is the noblest Job in the world there are no teachers thus , the future of our nation lies on the teacher ‘s hands . This principle is inculcated in my mind and it motivates me to pursue this dream of profession I have chosen which is to be a good teacher someday because I want to to further my studies in education where I can be a competitive teacher and a role This program , graduate study , would help me become more develop and equip on he things that I want to learn that I can be able to use in my teaching career in the future .I believe that it is not sufficient to be a graduate of a normal school or general . The teacher must have knowledge of educational movements and a familiarity with th e progress in educational thought and research . Hence , with the progress in education literature and new education textbooks , and adopt the new ideas that are sound that I can learn from the graduate school The zeal with which and investigator in my own professional field . Thus , this program would develop my

Minerals and vitamins essays

Minerals and vitamins essays There are two different minerals and two different vitamins that tend to be inadequate in my diet and therefore are associated with and are risks to my BMI. One mineral that tends to be a risk to my BMI since I dont have enough of it is, Calcium. Calcium is the most common mineral in the human body. About 99% of the calcium in the body is found in bones and teeth, while the other 1% is found in the blood and soft tissue. Calcium levels in the blood and fluid surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid) must be maintained within a very narrow concentration range for normal physiological functioning. The physiological functions of calcium are so vital to survival that the body will demineralize bone to maintain normal blood calcium levels when calcium intake is inadequate. Thus, adequate dietary calcium is a critical factor in maintaining a healthy skeleton. Calcium is a major structural element in bones and teeth. Calcium concentrations in the blood and fluid that surrounds cells are tightly controlled in order to preserve normal physiological functioning. A low blood calcium level usually implies abnormal parathyroid function, and is rar ely due to low dietary calcium intake since the skeleton provides a large reserve of calcium for maintaining normal blood levels. Other causes of abnormally low blood calcium levels include chronic kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency, and low blood magnesium levels that occur mainly in cases of severe alcoholism. A chronically low calcium intake in growing individuals may prevent the attainment of optimal peak bone mass. Once peak bone mass is achieved, inadequate calcium intake may contribute to accelerated bone loss and ultimately the development of osteoporosis. A male individual my age which is, 18 years old, should have an adequate consumption for calcium of 1,300 mg/day. It was discovered that increased calcium intake was more strongly associated with decreased colorectal cancer risk in t...

South Carolina Slave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

South Carolina Slave - Essay Example Such inalienable rights also refer to my inherent rights to freedom. The declaration also speaks of equality and although Jefferson and the other founding fathers have been largely embroiled in the practice of slavery, slavery is still very much against the concept of equality. Slavery is basically a war against human nature. It is also an act of assault against people from a distant place, an assault which captivates them into a degrading existence (Nininger, Jr., 2011). Based on these primary precepts, I therefore deserve to be freed from my servitude. I believe that although Jefferson himself had slaves, such fact cannot prevent the deeper understanding of the statements of independence upon which the declaration of independence was based. I believe that Locke was a significant influence in the Jefferson’s ideals. Locke believed that God gave man four fundamental rights. These rights included the right to life, liberty, and property (Maier, 2001). Locke also believed that t he most important human law is that of the preservation of mankind. In order to meet such purpose, Locke believed that it is incumbent upon all individuals to protect their own rights. I, therefore, have the right to preserve my life and my rights. Preserving my life is preserving it for my own, not for other people, and certainly not for those who have tied me to servitude (Maier, 2001). I also feel more support from Locke in terms of seeking freedom from servitude. Locke succinctly points out that all people must have the right to make choices on the way they would carry out their activities, for as long as their actions do not interfere with the rights of others. In effect, Locke believes that one’s liberty must be extensive and not be filled with limitations. Slavery however extensively limits the rights and liberties of a person. I believe that the role of the government is to protect the exercise of my inherent and inalienable rights. Such principles under the declarati on of independence ensure that I have the same rights as other people. My status as a slave is therefore something I can inherently discard, even without the declaration of other people, including my masters or owners. My owners or masters also have a legal obligation to obey the principles of declaration and the laws of their rulers (Maier, 2001). The Declaration of Independence also claims that all men are created equal. This claim is the best support for my desire to be free of my servitude. Those who signed the declaration of independence had dubious stands on slavery as they loudly declared it to be wrong, but were themselves slave owners (Maier, 2001). Hutcheson also stated that â€Å"all men are morally equal to one another and that nature makes none masters, none slaves† (Maier, 2001). Still, slavery remained persistent, especially among these Declaration signatories because they actually did not see a clear way of ending the practice. I believe that it would have ind eed been difficult and disruptive to have slaves freed at once. It would have cause chaos in society and it would have left slaves without any visible and immediate means to support themselves (Maier, 2001). The cotton industry was also dependent on hundreds of slaves. Freeing them was bound to cause the collapse of the cotton industry. With these considerations, I believe that it would not be easy for me to gain freedom from my servitude. The Articles of Confederation provide no support or recognition for slavery. The only

Critically evaluate how the Resource based view approach to HRM can Essay

Critically evaluate how the Resource based view approach to HRM can help or fail to produce the performance outcomes an organisation requires - Essay Example isting resources within an organisation and in a new way instead of acquiring new skills for each new opportunity that presents itself in the business environment is ideal to improving organisational performance. Where organisations focus on RBV approach, resources are ideal in enabling the organisation to achieve better performance. In applying RBV approach, two types of resources are available for organisation to use to exploit opportunities in the business environment; this includes the tangible and intangible resources. However, tangible resources can be accessed easily in the market and as such; they bring little advantage for organisations when considered in the long-term basis since competitors can acquire the same resources. On the other hand, intangible resources denote resources that are not physical and those that are at the disposal of the organisation to use in improving performance. For instance, an organisation can use brand name or trademark to create uniqueness over competitors (Wright, Dunford & Snell, p.711). In essence, it is impossible for competitors to buy brand reputation of other firms in an attempt to improve their competitive nature in the business environment. Conversely, while RBV aid in improving an organisation’s competitive edge, it has to be noted that for such goal to be realised, the approach has to consider two critical assumptions that include heterogeneity and immobility (Colbert 2004, p.351). This paper examines how RBV approach to human resource management can help or fail to produce the performance outcomes that an organisation requires. RBV approach to human resource management proposes the view that various resources within an organisation are the key to realising positive outcomes and this includes human capital or resources. These internal resources are also viewed as important in providing an organisation the required competitive advantage in the business environment. This is because when resources within an