Tea House Business Plan - 1501 Words

Executive Summary Teapot is an exciting new concept in the tea industry. Teapot will offer a hip, relaxing, and healthy alternative to the oversaturated coffeehouse concept. Teapot will create an irresistible place to drop in and relax, meet with friends, or get work done in a warm and comfortable atmosphere with consistently top-notch customer service. Our products and services will include a wide variety of high quality black, green, white teas, herbal infusions, and several teas specially blended for Teapot. The tea menu will highlight beverages that provide particular benefits, such as immune-boosting antioxidants, meditative blends, enlightening mental focus blends, and mind and body healing blends. Whether a customer is†¦show more content†¦The retail items will be arranged near the entrance and order counter so that customers waiting in line or waiting to be rung up will be more likely to make purchases or will see them as they are leaving and decide to bring a bit of the Teapot experience home with them. The checkout area will include a cash desk, POS system, computer/cash register system, and merchandise displays. A private area at the rear of the store will include a small storage space, staff washroom, and owner s office. Description of the Industry Tea-drinking is a long-standing Turkish tradition and the country is not only a large tea consumer but also a leading tea producer. With a population of over 70 million and a relatively less advanced economy, Turkey is the fastest growing consumer market in Europe. The rapid economic expansion and an increasingly affluent population enable the Turks to purchase higher-valued consumer goods and raise the standard of living. As is the case in other Western European markets, the health and wellness trend is also influencing consumersers choice of beverages in Turkey. Fruit/herbal tea has been the most dynamic category, with retail volume sales growing by 38% between 1997 and 2004. The major consumers for fruit/herbal tea are the young and urban people. I believe there is a need for a healthy, comfortable, classy and casual tea houses as we are a tea country. Strenghts | Weaknesses | * Emphasis on health * Lower costsShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf1560 Words   |  6 Pageson Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf is an American Chain Coffee house that sells coffee, tea, desserts and pastries. Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf is operated by the International Coffee Tea, LLC and they have over 990 outlets in 27 different countries. The first outlet was started in the year 1963 by Herbert B. Hyman. Because of his efforts and dedication to excellence, he was known as the father of gourmet coffee in California. After 40 years, Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf became one ofRead More American History Essays Boston Tea Party1161 Words   |  5 PagesBoston Tea Party: A Fight for Freedom Imagine you are a merchant in Boston selling imported goods from England with a high tax on them, when three ships come in with 342 chests of tea without planning to pay the middleman tax. Thats how it was for many merchants in Boston. The East India Tea Company went bankrupt due to the dropping rate of tea sales in America because of the increasing rate of smuggling. The governments lack of support, and the newly passed Tea Act, only kindled more resentmentRead MoreJanies Self-Discovery Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesKillicks plans to put her to work on a mule because she does not bore him any heir that she runs off with Joe Starks. Joe Starks is a â€Å"quick-thinking, fast-talking, ambitious man, headed for a newly founded all black community, where he plans to make a fortune† (Rosenblatt 30). Jody offers up a new start to Janie and she leaps at the opportunity of marrying him, â€Å"committing bigamy† (Rosenblatt 30). Jody becomes the mayor of Eatonville and provides Janie with a middle-class furnished house thatRead MoreStarbucks Coffee s Five Forces Analysis1493 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks is a worldwide coffee retail chain that spends significant time in coffee and other related refreshments. The organization prepares and sells meals, coffee, tea drinks and an assortment of new sustainable products, through stores. The organization likewise licenses its trademark through different channels, for example, authorized stores, basic need and national foodservice accounts. Second Cup s coffee portfolio contains around 19 kinds of coffee. The Company s bistros offer a varietyRead MoreTea House Marketing Plan3311 Words   |  14 PagesCá º ¢M TEA HOUSE BUSINESS PLAN CONTENTS Page I. Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.03 II. The company 1. Company description..................................................................................................05 1.1 Vision statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........05 1.2 Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........05 1.3 Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................05 1.4 Company background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............05 2. Business opportunity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEssay on Starbucks Risk Management1233 Words   |  5 Pagescultural and currencies stand point. * Cultural risk: The nature of a society attacking their culture of drinking tea-they positioned stores in high-traffic and high visibility locations. Moreover, Starbucks very deliberately began to bridge the gap between  the tea drinking culture and the coffee drinking culture  by introducing beverages in the Chinese stores that included local tea-based ingredients. * Legal risk : It s not unique * Economic risk: cost more than a meal * Cannibalization Read MoreBusiness Goes With The Mean Data Analysis1335 Words   |  6 PagesIn this case, the business goes with the mean data analysis; the customers coming in the hotel will be within the range of 20kms. If they go with median data analysis, range will only be with in 20 and 25kms. And if the go with the mode data analysis, the range could be anything from 5 to 40kms Identify and review a range of external sources of information (such as relevant books and articles, information on the internet, benchmarking studies) in order to conduct a qualitative analysis of comparativeRead MoreHoney Maid Has a Pretty Cool Reply to All the Haters of Its Ultra-Inclusive Ad1296 Words   |  5 Pagessitting in store drinking coffee while doing their homework and stuffs like that. Therefore, most of our customer age range is from 18 to 45. According to the research, 70% of our customers to-go our products, and 30% of them choose to sit down. The business peak hours of a day are usually in the morning and afternoon. In the morning, a lot of people would stop by our store and buy a cup of coffee and/ or a sandwich on their way to work or school. People would come and sit in store in the afternoon forRead MoreSummary : The Coffee Day 1489 Words   |  6 Pagescoffee chain in India founded by V.G. Siddhartha. Mr. Siddhartha had clear goals of becoming 2nd or 3rd place in the world of coffee business. It rapidly expanded to various cities in India; by 2013 it had 1,468 cafà ©s. CCD did not have that many challenges until Starbucks entered Indian market by partnering up with TATA. Starbucks is a leader in the world coffee business. Starbucks can take market share from CCD. In order to compete with Starbucks, Mr. Siddhartha has to look for new ways to keep hisRead MoreIntroducing Federal Law: The Affordable Care Act1622 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesof his administrations top priorities from the very outset. This process would begin with Obamas health care summit in March of 2009, where ranking government leaders, healthcare industry leaders and industry experts were briefed on the initial plans for the development of sweeping legislation. (Smith, p. 1) This was to be the first major piece of healthcare industry reform since 1965s Medicare and Medicaid laws were passed by then President Lyndon B. Johnson. Therefore, a critical dimension

Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(103) " and they all recognition plan for their recovery \( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 \) \." Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is an old pattern, dating back to twelvemonth 1935 when Bill W, experienced a reawakening in religious footings taking him on a way of recovery from the ironss of alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Since that clip, many other people with alcoholic dependences have attributed the same sort of alleviation to this ideal motion. AA is referred as a religious family by its subsequent members. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it is new to many, and they hardly understand the mechanisms, which underlie the construct of recovery ( George, 2005 ) . The spiritualty proof, an puzzling term, must apparently be based on physiological and psychological findings. An initial component of this paper is supplying a definition of spiritualty in empirical footings as done by AA Services ( 2002 ) stating that it is â€Å" that which develops in people some intent and significance in life. † This definition was amplified by indicating out that spiritualty as a human facet can be achieved â€Å" with engagement in a faith ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It can every bit good be much broader than this, for case belief in naturalism, rationalism, God, household, humanitarianism, and humanistic disciplines. † The usage of such a term with this intension is of recent beginning. Anthropologists surprisingly have applied the word â€Å" religious † on many other concrete spiritual facets and shamanic pattern ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The current use of the same is apprehensible to hold derived ideally from legion beginnings, some of them specific to tendencies go oning late in American civilization at least apparent over the past century ( George, 2005 ) . Credence of this construct on orientation to oecumenic faith has led to an credence of the fact that the ritual pattern formalities may be less of relevancy than the values, which legion spiritual denominations hold. Acceptance of these bases of patterns for case speculation and complementary medical specialty has brought in another dimension to the construct. The AA outgrowth as a personal transmutation potent vehicle has besides been committed and vastly influential, as it brings in the term spiritualty to the spotlight of the mental wellness professionals every bit good as the general populace ( AA Services, 2002 ) . All these leads to acceptance by the populace of the several spiritually doctrines and pattern used in back uping the recovery from an unwellness, which have emerged outside of the cardinal sphere of biomedicine. Most psychiatric modes associate with a remarkable mechanism. Physiological research argues that spiritualty may be critical to the healing of legion upsets ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Persons hiting higher on personality traits that relate to religious transcendency have been seen as holding characteristic activity in peculiar serotonergic encephalon sites, which suggest single physiological differences in response to religious attention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The close relation between dream symbolism and symbo lic idea is apparent from the activation of peculiar encephalon centres and inactivation of others, proposing an association between nervous map and religious metaphor. Response to the societal context of transition to the spirit may besides be related to neurophysiologic map ( George, 2005 ) . A individual in a diverse societal scene where a spiritually oriented position is present with strength may be influenced and follow that position ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Bill ‘s experience at the origin of AA, where he was â€Å" caught up in the ideal rapture which there is deficiencies words to depict, † can non be researched with easiness. On the same note, bordering the methods to analyze the function of AA on recovery of alcohol addiction is hard. Twelve-step families need namelessness of their member ( George, 2005 ) . They are besides oriented toward the members ‘ primacy of their demands beyond research aims, which research workers might suggest. Because of such demands, legion result surveies and researches on recovery through AA tie to followup on patients take parting in professionally based intervention and go toing AA meetings. Uncontrolled appraisals utilizing the Twelve-Step â€Å" Minnesota Model † for residential rehabilitation in a long-run facet in a professionally directed puting show promising consequences, nevertheless, one important survey that relates to AA-based recovery stands out due to its deducti on to experimental controls and randomisation ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A large-scale National Institute on Alcoholism rating was carried out utilizing the long-run followup. It showed clearly that Twelve-Step Facilitation, a grounded mode in design to advance AA attending, at least was every bit effectual as cognitive, and motivational techniques ( both of which in development were from through empirical observation grounded theoretical accounts of research ) , and it was extremely effectual than the techniques in developing long-run abstention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Twelve-Step Facilitation, hence, has been a professionally based intercession, and AA application is a peer-led family. However, this result highlights the relevancy of farther controlled research on the 12-step plans engagement ( George, 2005 ) . Professional intervention of maltreatment of substance impaired doctors on the same note, offers an penetration into AA ‘s value, with the fact that long-run abstention has critical public wellness deductions for the habit-forming populatio n. A sample of doctors, antecedently holding abused substances and abstainer for at least two old ages, in AA-based intervention antecedently, reported 12-step rank as the chief ground for the long-run recovery they achieved every bit good as the abstention ( George, 2005 ) . In add-on, in a sample of 101 doctors indiscriminately selected in a group of those monitored by a doctors ‘ , found that 97 per centum of the 1 who antecedently had been in a 12-step plan further engaged in the plan in the monitoring period ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Research on the spiritualty function in the recovery procedure separate from professional direction has been through empirical observation modeled, and the dealingss between AA engagement and the result have been a topic of concern ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In any instance, no uncertainty prevails to the fact that rank in AA ; characteristically seen to tie in with its religious foundation now has been used by 1000000s of people enduring depende nces and they all recognition plan for their recovery ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . You read "Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The 12-step experience develops a sense of communality, and this is different from the running conventional institutional context. It is, hence, the ground why this solidarity hails every bit critical to the plan ‘s religious nature ( George, 2005 ) . The family ‘s orientation ideally to common support facilitates a shared sense of single reclamation formalizing the behavioural demand of entire recovery and abstention known as keeping abstention. For nuts, the orientation to common support besides sustains the construction and unity of AA as a motion ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Substance-impaired doctors have established a strong, supportive web via AA-related Caduceus groups in AA ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The clinical benefit of AA ‘s plan has been in presentation in the controlled researches on enhanced result in intervention plans, on lowered demand for professional staffing in outpatient rehabilitation, and on intervention of dependence with psychiatric attention for persons with double diagnosings ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Surveies suggest that legion patients have a religious life sing their religious wellness every bit good as physical wellness as momentous, every bit good. On the other manus, people may keep greater religious demands in times of unwellness. A reappraisal of published surveies, systematic reappraisals, capable reappraisals and meta-analyses, analyzing the association between spiritualty and physical, health-related life, wellness and spiritual engagement, mental wellness, and other wellness results indicated that spiritualty and spiritual engagement associate with better wellness results, which includes get bying accomplishments, health-related life quality and greater length of service ( even in the event of terminal unwellness ) and depression, self-destruction and less anxiousness ( George, 2005 ) . Several surveies show that turn toing the demands of the patient particularly the religious 1s enhance recovery from certain unwellnesss. Acknowledging, back uping and spoting the reli gious patients ‘ demands can be done in a straightforward mode ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Conversely, when people consult doctors in finding the intervention and cause of an unwellness, they at times may besides seek seeking replies to some inquiries that medical scientific discipline do non supply an reply for illustration, â€Å" Why an unwellness happens to a peculiar person? † legion patients rely on a religious model every bit good as spiritual beliefs naming on religious or spiritual attention suppliers to give them replies to the several inquiries ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, over the old ages in history, spiritualty and faith and the medical pattern have been intertwined. Because of this, many faiths embrace the attention of the ill as a primary mission, and legion universes ‘ taking establishments of medical specialty have religious or spiritual roots ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Therefore, the twelve-step plan has been unusually celebrated and serves as one of the most supported attacks in handling alcohol addiction ( George, 2005 ) . The twelve-step plan is a set of rules that guide a patient. The plan outlines a class of action to be of usage in the recovery from irresistible impulse, unnatural behavioural jobs or an dependence. The plan was originally developed by Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . It was ab initio a method of recovery for patients enduring alcohol addiction. The Twelve Steps foremost came to be published in a book â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism in 1939 ( AA Services, 2002 ) † . The method so came to be adopted ; going the foundation of the ideal twelve-step plans developed subsequently for case Cocaine Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Co-Dependents Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous and Overeaters Anonymous ( AA Services, 2005 ) . As the American Psychological Association summarizes, the procedure is all about: aˆ? Admiting the fact that one can non is non under control of his or her dependence or irresistible impulse ; aˆ? Acknowledging a power, which is greater and that can supply strength aˆ? Examining past mistakes utilizing he aid of a patron aˆ? Making amendments to the several mistakes aˆ? Learning how to populate a new and better life with a freshly developed behaviour aˆ? Helping other people enduring from the same irresistible impulses or dependences The Twelve-step methods ideally have been celebrated adopted in turn toing a assortment of substance maltreatment and other jobs associating to dependence. Over 200 organisations known as families with a planetary rank and holding 1000000s employ the twelve-step rules in their recovery procedure. Narcotics Anonymous formation was by nuts who did non hold extended dealingss to the intoxicant dependence particulars. Similar penchants associating to the nuts ‘ drug of pick besides led to the start of Cocaine Anonymous, Pills Anonymous, Marijuana Anonymous and the Crystal Meth Anonymous ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Behavioral issues for case irresistible impulse for, and/or dependence to, sex, billboard, gaming, nutrient and work are besides under reference in legion other families for case as Overeaters Anonymous, Workaholics Anonymous, Gamblers Anonymous, Sexual Compulsives Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous. Auxiliary groups for case Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for household members of nuts and alkies, are portion of a response in usage to the intervention of dependence as a disease, which is enabled by household systems ( George, 2005 ) . The Twelve Traditions besides accompany the new and adept Twelve Steps. The Traditions give guidelines for single, group administration ( AA Services, 2005 ) . They were started in AA in assisting with the declaration of struggles in the Fieldss of fundss, promotion, and faith. Most twelve-step families adopted the developed rules for their administration ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The Twelve Traditions of AA include: aˆ? Our public assistance should be foremost ; personal recovery is dependent upon the AA integrity aˆ? For the group intent, there is merely one ultimate authorization, which is a loving God. Leaderships are merely sure retainers and do non regulate aˆ? The lone demand for AA rank is a strong single desire to halt imbibing aˆ? Each group must be independent except in issues that affect other groups or AA aˆ? Each group has a individual and primary intent, which is transporting its message to the agony alky aˆ? An AA group should ne’er finance, impart or back the AA name to any endeavor, lest issues of prestigiousness, money, and belongings diverts us from the chief intent aˆ? Every AA group should be to the full self-supporting, and diminutions outside parts aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous must stay non-professional forever. However, the service centres can or may every bit good employ distinguishable workers aˆ? AA, hence, must ne’er be organized ; but can make commissions or service boards responsible to those they serve straight aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous do non hold an sentiment on some outside issues ; hence, the AA name must ne’er be presented in public contention aˆ? The public dealingss policy footing on attractive force and non publicity ; we required to keep personal namelessness ever at the degree of movies, imperativeness, and wireless aˆ? Anonymity is the foundation of all the traditions, of all time maintaining usage to remind and put rules in front of personalities ( AA Services, 2005 ) . In the twelve-step plan, the construction of worlds is symbolically represented in dimensions including religious, physical, and mental ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The jobs the person, groups trade with are known to attest themselves in several dimensions. For alkies, the ideal physical dimension is described best by the allergy-like reaction in the organic structure, which consequences in the irresistible impulse to utilizing substances after the preliminary usage ( George, 2005 ) . For single groups non related to maltreatment of substance, the physical manifestation is more varied with elements such as distractibility, compulsive billboard, eating upsets, hyperactivity, hypomania, dysfunctional enabling, insomnia, deficiency of motive, crossness, passion, panic onslaughts, indolence, psychosomatic unwellnesss, cunctation, self-injury, hapless impulse control, and suicide efforts. The statement in the initial Measure that the individual is â€Å" powerless † over the substance-a buse that relates to behavior at issue connotes the deficiency of control over the single irresistible impulse prevailing for long despite any negative effects, which may be endured ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The mental compulsion in the description is the cognitive procedures, which causes the individual to reiterate the behaviour after some clip abstaining ; either cognizing that the ulterior consequence will be a developed inability to halt or run under the interior psychotic belief that the consequence ideally will be changing. The description in the initial Step of the life of the individual enduring from alcohol addiction or nut as â€Å" unwieldy † , connotes the deficiency of pick that the single head of the nut affords sing whether to utilize once more ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The religious dimension unwellness, comparatively known as â€Å" religious malady, † is considered in the several twelve-step single groups to be self-centeredness. The theoretical account is non intended to be explained scientifically, it is merely an single position that twelve-step plan discovery utile ( George, 2005 ) . The procedure of working the plan stairss is intended to wholly replace egoism with a turning willingness for selflessness, moral consciousness and unselfish constructive action ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In twelve-step groups, it is referred to as a spiritual experience or comparatively, religious waking up ( AA Services, 2005 ) . This should non be mistaken with catharsis, bring forthing dramatic alterations. In twelve-step families, the construct of â€Å" religious waking up † is inferred as developing, most often over a long period. It is suggested that single members on a regular basis attend meetings joined by other members who portion their recovery job. In conformity with the initial Step, twelve-step groups make accent on self-admission by single members of the job they intend to retrieve from ( AA Services, 2005 ) . It is in this spirit that single members identify themselves frequently along with their job admittance for case â€Å" Hi, I ‘m Mike and I ‘m an nut. † Such catch phrases widely associate with such support groups usually. Some meetings are popular as dual-identity groups promoting attending from peculiar demographics ( George, 2005 ) . Some countries have, for case, work forces ‘s groups ; homosexuals, sapphic, adult females ‘s groups ; and transgendered groups. There are besides in some, novice ‘s groups and â€Å" old-timer † groups restricting who portions, or speaks in these meeting, by the length of clip each member has in that family ( AA Servi ces, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous is, hence, ranked high in its effectivity. It is known to be one of the largest of the established twelve-step plans ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . The Narcotics Anonymous comes 2nd with the twelve-step members who recover from dependence coming from drugs or intoxicant ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The bulk of plans, nevertheless, combat the unwellnesss and non the dependence. For case, the 3rd twelve-step plan, known as Al-Anon, assists members of a household of nuts and alkies ( George, 2005 ) . About 20 per centum of plans engage in dependence recovery, the staying 80 per centum address several of jobs stretching from debt to depression ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It would be an tremendous mistake presuming the effectivity of twelve-step attacks at handling jobs because they are certainly effectual. From its critics, Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is merely a placebo, non even able to vie with more effectual interventions. They besides refer it as a unsafe cult. For it s protagonists AA having the Lasker Award ( America ‘s highest award in the medical field for advancement ) is adequate to warrant the procedure. George ( 2005 ) argues that because detoxified alcoholic persons relapse often, the psychological professions as good those from medical do non hold an outstanding record in the handling of alcohol addiction. Over the long-run, many of what has been in pattern to handle alcohol addiction professionally is what can be termed as a placebo ( AA Services, 2005 ) . On the first note, remedy from dependence of all sort does non come via psychodynamic penetration. In a survey of Harvard work forces done late, 26 alkies received 5000 hours of psychotherapeutics, with an norm of 200 hours per adult male. Merely a individual adult male recovered from alcohol addiction. Life-saving detoxification is besides non effectual for long in managing alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . As Mark Twain quipped, ‘I found discontinuing smoking so easily after making it 20 times ‘ . This is the same for alcohol addiction. Indeed, long-run researches show that waiting for intervention ( a pla cebo therapy signifier ) is every bit effectual as the detoxification attack. Additionally, cognitive behavior therapy is non peculiarly efficient since it works less good. Linda and Mark ‘s surveies of developing alkies and assisting them return to command imbibing [ 8 ] became celebrated globally for old ages until patients in their survey were followed after a 10-year grade and found as still fared no better than the research controls. In the last 20 old ages, there are two drugs holding made clinicians in the field of alcohol addiction hopeful including naltrexone and acamprosate ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . However, many surveies indicate that they are merely successful in the short term footing. Conversely, with 15 old ages holding passed, the long-run researches that could turn out the efficaciousness of the several interventions are still undone ( George, 2005 ) . The grounds for the professional therapy failure in forestalling the eventual backsliding, and, hence, changing the natural alcohol addiction history, are two times. First, there is a clasp that drug dependence in human existences ne’er rest in our cerebral mantle. The clasp of dependence of any sort on the human heads lies in the reptilian encephalon. The clasp emanates from regular, cellular alterations in mesencephalon karyon for case the superior tegmentum and karyon accumbens ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, the malleability loss of neural response in the two centres renders abstinence unachievable and holds down the self-control. Therefore, you can understand why the drug does non assist and why AA comes in as a better replacement ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The 2nd ground that frequently professional interve ntion fails in forestalling the backsliding in alcohol addiction is similar to the backsliding in diabetes. Change in the clinical class in diabetes and alcohol addiction is merely accomplishable by backsliding bar ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Lady Macbeth ‘s a long helping doctor quotes ‘Therein the single patient is responsible in ministering to herself ‘ . There are several factors normally present in forestalling backsliding for most dependences ( George, 2005 ) . The factors, which assistance in the bar of backsliding, are ritual dependence on a new love relationships, viing behavior, and deepened spiritualty ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Normally, two factors must be present for the bar of a backsliding to happen. The ground that the factors are effectual is that likely unlike many of the professional interventions, these factors do non work in the creative activity of decreased imbibing or impermanent abstention. They work to consequence the bar of backsliding ; and, hence, like the self-administered insulin in patients enduring diabetics, they should be used for a drawn-out continuance. This holds all to the construct of utilizing AA in the intervention other depending on the medical substances ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, merely like many personal trainers, facilitates motivation from without, hence, proposing that clients return once more to the same plan modus operandi. In AA, members are advised to happen a patron to see and telephone frequently. They are advised to ‘work the stairss ‘ and ever prosecute in the proviso of the service ( George, 2005 ) . Each of the activities is dedicated in supplying a day-to-day nonvoluntary reminder with everything hitting the head that intoxicant is an enemy, and ne’er will be a friend. The activities provide supervising from the external supervisors, or in the linguistic communication of AA ‘always maintaining the memory green ‘ . However, AA besides comprehends that compulsory supervising is tremendous and works best when it is by single pick. George ( 2005 ) adds to this fact by stating that people suffer under the rigorous regulations of a manager, but they ever evade prohibitions of which they do non O.K. ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Second, it is critical to happen a replacement dependence or comparatively known as a viing behavior for any sort of dependence ( AA Services, 2002 ) . One can non easy give up a wont particularly without holding another thing to make and hedge practising the same behaviour ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . For case, Antabuse, prescribed frequently because it makes the alcohol consumption sickening, fails largely to bring around the dependence because though it may be taking alcohol off, Antabuse has no replacing and finally the nut stops the medical specialty and it does non, hence, aid ( George, 2005 ) . Nevertheless, viing dependences for case, dolophine hydrochl oride care in maltreatment of diacetylmorphine facilitate bar of backsliding because they offer a replacement ( a carrot or a stick ) . AA besides was initiated on the construct that, in contrast, imprisonment as a method of cut downing backsliding to heroin maltreatment has ne’er worked ( Richard, 2001 ) . This is because penalty entirely does non alter deep-rooted wonts. Alcoholics Anonymous acknowledges what all behaviourists know, and it understands what many parents and physicians forget that such dastardly wonts taking to dependences necessitate replacements ( George, 2005 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous on this note provides supervising every bit good as a gratifying agenda of service activities every bit good as societal penchants in the presence of now-healed alkies, peculiarly at times of high hazard given an illustration of vacations ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . On the same statement, AA operates on the thought that new love relationships are critical to full recovery. It seems critical for ex-addicts to bond with other individuals who they have ne’er met or hurt in the yesteryear and to who they do non hold deep emotionally dealingss or in debt ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, it is supportive of persons assisting them bond with other individuals who they can assist and have aid. Alcoholic Anonymous meetings comparatively are full of sober former pub-crawlers that the nuts befriend but individuals who one does non owe ( George, 2005 ) . On the same note, an AA patron, similar to a new partner, promotes the bar of a backsliding better than many other enduring members whom they torture for old ages. The common characteristic in recovery from any signifier of dependence is the find of spiritualty. This is intensely controversial and surges a het argument. Inspirational, selfless person, group rank every bit good as belief in a greater power than ‘me ‘ seem critical to recovery from all sorts of dependence. In the Religious Experience, William foremost articulated the relationship between a recovery from alcohol addiction and spiritual transitions. As Carl Jung directed the AA cofounder Bill Wilson: The cosmopolitan theoretical account that Frank describes in his plants, Healing and Persuasion, for effectual psychotherapeutics resembles religious mending closely ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In Frank ‘s theoretical account, the therapist should hold the ideal position ( for illustration a few old ages of abstention ) , be equipped with legion unambiguous conceptual theoretical accounts of the debatable issues ( for illustration, AA ‘s Big Book ) and must make in the patient remedy anticipation ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholics ‘ Anonymous assemblies, after all, are the topographic points across the Earth, which are populated dumbly by alkies with soberness ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Finally, Frank argues that in group therapy complete healing came from people caring for one another, non oneself. The Twelfth Step of AA delivers a message of mending. But there are other grounds that in the ideal dependences spiritualty is critical for bar of backsliding ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . First, there is a ample difference between a connexion of mending in religious communities and with a hierarchal clinical psychologist or spiritual leader ( George, 2005 ) . In autocratic faith every bit good as in medical specialty, the wise priest or physician asks the sinful, unenlightened patients or ill to wallow in dependence alleviating their past losingss and cholers. In contrast AA and other ideal democratic religious communities have a flat playing land. One of the Akron rummies in the early yearss, to whom Dr. Bob brought their message of retrieving from alcoholic, expressed the reciprocality good that people speaking to him wanted to assist him, and his pride prevented him from listening to them ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Second, spiritualty influences single behaviours, non through ground but by its emotion entreaty. Four central surveies have provided cogent evidence that, after control of variables like intoxicant ingestion prohibition, spiritual engagement when the younger coevals reduces coffin nail ingestion and intoxicant when at grownup coevals ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Religious prohibition of usage of intoxicant ( for case Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss in Islam in Saudi Arabia and Utah ) has been all along successful ( George, 2005 ) . In contrast, prohibition against intoxicant ingestion by the authorities has been less effectual ( for illustration, prohibition in America in the 1920s and in the 1990s in Soviet Union ) . Third, alkies and nuts unlike most evildoers are non raging ( Monica A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Alcoholics have inflicted tremendous hurting frequently every bit good as hurt on others. Therefore, when sober, the nut may see guilt from the anguish, which they inflict on others ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Even though a hapless tranquillizer and an antidepressant, intoxicant are likely the most powerful solvent ideally for a guilty scruples, which modern pharmacological medicine has devised. Therefore, absolution from guilt arbitrated by a ‘power more than ourselves ‘ generates an option to alcohol going a critical portion of the alky ‘s procedure in mending ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, spiritualty, for case human fond regard – both arbitrated by the temporal lobe and limbic circuitry may be a worthy replacing for drugs ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In other words, faith and spiritualty present a replacement to the high facilitated by drugs. Religion, Marx ‘s ‘the people ‘s opiate ‘ and Jung ‘s spiritus, perchance will be an indirect manner, which we have of actuating our limbic encephalon every bit good as its endorphins. However, efficaciousness of AA and information on the AA efficaciousness is difficult to acquire. First, as an establishment, AA is uninterested in the field of research ( Richard, 2001 ) . Second, because of unconscious competition and differences, medical research workers from several bookmans sometimes have difficult times in the appraisal of AA without prejudice ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Finally, in the procedure of their chronic upset, nuts and alkies come across many, diverse intercessions, at the same time. Therefore, unlike the instance with most drug tests, there is no absolute manner that one can carry on a controlled survey ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Until recent times, it was non clear whether AA attending resulted to abstinence or whether go toing AA was merely a manifestation of greater conformity with therapy or abstention. The overall grounds, however that AA works as a better ‘cure ‘ is converting ( George, 2005 ) . First, multiple surveies, which jointly involved more persons, suggest that absolute and effective clinical results are correlated significantly with frequence of go toing AA, with holding a patron, with chairing meetings, and with battle in a Twelve-Step work. Second, for 35 old ages I have been Director of the Study of Adult Development. From consequences in a community survey, half of the sample abused intoxicant until they died or until present. There were few clear differences separating the work forces accomplishing stable abstention from the 1s who remained alkies in a chronic province ( Monica A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Poor instruction, multi-problem, low IQ did non place the sample population that would neglect in accomplishing stable abstention. Nor did hazard factors copiousness for alcohol addiction, for case alcoholic heredity, young person hyperactivity and sociopathic behavior, endure in foretelling the chronic province ( George, 2005 ) . However, it was singular that the sample population in the satisfactory result groups indicated go toing at least 20 times as many meetings of AA as the work forces in the hapless result take parting groups ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Another multimillion-dollar survey, referred to as Project Match compared the diverse effects of interventions upon alcoholic patients geting at s everal decisions ( George, 2005 ) . Project Match indicated that in the event of the first twelvemonth AA as a intervention attack was every bit effectual as the professional options including motivational sweetening therapies and cognitive behavioural therapies. Surely, AA in some degrees was better than the cognitive, behavioural therapy. On the other manus, the Match followup besides indicated that in malice of the original intervention arm ( motivational, Twelve Steps or cognitive behavioral ) the more meetings held by AA and single attending, the better the result ( Richard, 2001 ) . However, there is a ‘scientific ‘ inquiry associating to AA efficaciousness. Even with cogent evidence that AA cures alcohol addiction, what is the degree of its safety? The inquiry aims at turn toing the AA side effects. Indeed, AA has its ideal disparagers and critics sing its operations. Designed to act upon the reptilian encephalon, the emotional linguistic communication and the rhetoric of the spiritualty of AA usher, journalists every bit good as other societal scientists fear that AA is a cult ( George, 2005 ) . Cults can take to development every bit good as instances of demagogy, and this is one large shooting used in knocking AA. They argue that faith can ensue in exclusion, war and dogmatism. Individual alkies who attend incompatible AA single groups or ally themselves with inopportune patrons sometimes are informants of horror narratives sing the family ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Many of the beliefs that members in AA express sing alcohol addiction, are similar t o the dogmas of any tradition non related to scientific discipline. For case, if work forces are followed for 40 old ages it is clear that alcohol addiction is non as usually expressed as a ‘progressive disease ‘ . Something reconstructing the safety of AA is that as an establishment, it is non a faith. The establishment has incorporated rules intentionally in an effort to avoid cultic maltreatment. Religions for case patriotism draw circles, which draw some, people out and, hence, non first-class when it comes to affairs of recovery. On the other manus, Alcoholics Anonymous draws circles, which draw others in and, hence a favourite. The AA religious foundation came from the rational experience of work forces who were profoundly leery of all faiths. These work forces, William with his Religious Experience Varieties, Carl Jung passing his prescription ideally known as ‘Spiritus contra spiritus ‘ and cofounder of AA, Dr. Robert Smith, of whom each pupils of what was mending between the prevailing faiths ( George, 2005 ) . This sort of spiritualty normally develops to love, humbleness, tolerance and awe toward the planetary existence. These are several qualities intensifying human relationships ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Surely, AA is non all about faith but more deep into other constructs. The Alcoholics Anonymous foreword categorically states: â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous is practically non a spiritual establishment. † The lone rank demand is a desire to abstain from imbibing. Alcoholics Anonymous, hence, passes the universality trial so critical in separating safe spiritualty and dividing it from dissentious faith, in the facet that spiritual strong belief does non hold the capacity to forestall rank to AA ( Richard, 2001 ) . Over the last two decennaries, AA rank increased to an estimated 10-fold in Hindu India, in Catholic Spain and in Buddhist Japan. Membership has besides been on the rise in unbelieving Russia exponentially ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Per capita, there are an estimated three times as legion AA groups in El Salvador and Costa Rica as in the America ( Monica A ; Scott, 20 00 ) . Today, at least one-third of members from AA are adult females and an estimated one-fourth are flatly less than 31 old ages old. Scholarly research fails in the designation of clear personality differences among the legion alkies who are non attenders of AA. Neither instruction nor societal category, neither mental wellness nor extraversion distinguishes the 1s utilizing AA from the 1 who do non ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The lone variable that systematically distinguishes AA members from nuts and alkies who attend professional intervention centres merely is that members of AA tend to hold had more alcohol addiction symptoms. It is of virtue noting, however, some of the peculiar ways that AA as an establishment has avoided to developing to a cult ( Monica A ; Scott, 2000 ) . First, from the beginning, AA has developed no clear differentiation between ‘the family of AA ‘ and the supreme God. There has been a tacit, if non explicit, permission ever of replacing the construct of God, with the single ‘home group ‘ . On the other manus, the AA spiritualty does non hold the capacity to vie with medical specialty ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholic Anonymous work published in books is clear that it is ‘absolutely incorrect striping any alky of medicine that are capable of relieving or commanding other disenabling emotional jobs, every bit good as a physical job ( AA Services, 2002 ) ‘ and that ‘no member of AA as an establishment, dramas physician ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) ‘ . Additionally, some worry that the establishment like cults, exerts control of the human head and removes freedom. Mark, a New York head-shrinker, defined cults as groups of personal appeal with ‘characteristics of a high societal coherence degree, a profoundly held belief system and a powerful influence on its single members ‘ behaviour ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . As Mark noted, this is true of AA as an alcoholic recovery establishment. Finally, another difference between all AA and cults is their governing construction. For cults, their features are by magnetic leaders holding infallible powers every bit good as an bossy construction of administration ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In AA ‘leaders ‘ trust is been held as retainers ; they ne’er govern ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . Most of the AA places of service are unpaid and legion occupations are rotated often so that the power consolidation ne’er occurs ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The AA organisational chart evolving is a pyramid on its caput. Responsibility places within AA are in definition, ‘service as holding no authorization ( Richard, 2001 ) ‘ and the procedures of AA statute law are democratic to a mistake. In AA, the amusive thing is that unlike in faiths and cults, they respect the minority sentiments ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A unfavorable judgment of cults, every bit good as AA, is that they hearten dependance. And so it is critical to distinguish the dependance that is AA engendered from the dependance that is cults engendered. Dependences in several countries weaken or strengthen the persons ( AA Services, 2002 ) . This is because a human being is weakened by dependance on debris nutrient, coffin nails, or slot machines. Finally, AA ‘s Twelve Traditions are a contemplation of the laminitis Bill Wilson ‘s 20-year cleft to encompass spiritualty protecting AA from developing into a cult ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, as the instance with the early Christian Church, strives to remain hapless successfully ad, hence, works out suitably ( George, 2005 ) . Decisions In general, the function of spiritualty in alcohol addiction recovery relates to the persons ‘ publicity of achieving a meaningful life. The attacks to recovery, for case usage of speculation, spiritual revivalism, and household therapy, represent the value of extract of the person and personal significance into the procedure of recovery. All the several attacks associate with the factors termed nonspecific frequently underlying the healing effects apparent across diverse psychotherapeutics schools. It is, nevertheless, arguable that religious influence is one of the major constructs on recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous. It is a procedure affecting the 12 stairss as illustrated in this treatment. It is absolute that spiritualty is peculiarly a latent concept ; one inferred from legion constituent dimensions, for case societal psychological science, intervention result and neurophysiology research. Mechanisms that relate to its function in recovery publicity in AA are in treatmen t from diverse position and use to single otherwise. What is clear is that Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) being an old pattern has been first-class and successful and continues to keep land as an attack to cut down alcohol addiction. How to cite Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Determinants of HIV Medical Research

Question: Discuss about theDeterminants of HIVfor Medical Research. Answer: Introduction Globally, HIV is one of the most serious burdens of disease that contributed to 36.7 million HIV patients worldwide during the year 2015. The majority of people with HIV belong to low and middle income countries. In countries like India, people with HIV or HIV risk do not have proper access to healthcare services encompassing prevention, treatment and care. In addition, there is high risk of HIV among the Indian population. Although there is a high level of HIV risk in sexual behaviour in India, there is little research on the determinants of HIV among the truck drivers in India. They are not aware of the possible causes of HIV transmission among the truck drivers in India. According to World Health Organization (WHO) the HIV transmission pattern is shifting from the metropolitan cities to the general population (Pandey et al. 2012). According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) India is the site of high priority for the prevention and explosion of the infections among the truck drivers in India (Ghate et al. 2011). The transmission and prevalence of HIV varies according to the geographic location of India and the long-distance truck drivers are involved in unprotected sexual activities that increase the risk for HIV transmission among them. This high risk of sexual behaviour among these truck drivers also put the general population at risk. There has been limited research that helps to understand the dynamics of HIV transmission among the Indian truck drivers. Moreover, it is also important to understand the determinants of the HIV among them that would be helpful in preventing and in reducing the HIV transmission among the truck drivers in India. This issue is important to study as it is a vital segment that experience decimation of reproductive health and lives of the truck driver population in India. Aim of the Research The aim of the research is to study the determinants of health and conduct a literature review that deals with the understanding of the determinants of HIV among the Indian truck drivers that would help to reduce and prevent the HIV transmission among the Indian truck driver population and into the general population. Literature Review HIV in Indian Truck Drivers The determinants of HIV are remarkably seen among the Indian truck drivers where the long-distance drivers get involved in risky sexual activities with the sex workers or the migrant workers. it spread to the general populations through sexual contact or because of the steady sexual partners from these primary populations. This kind of transmission to the general population is a matter of seroprevalence in India (Pandey et al. 2011). In a survey conducted in Pune, India, it was witnessed that the married monogamous women who attended the clinic showed 13.6% of HIV positive (Pandey et al. 2012). The risk of this HIV infection has seen to spread to the occupation like the truck drivers or cleaners due to the sexual contact with the commercial sex workers (CSW). It has significantly spread and as many truck drivers sexual contact occurs with the CSWs, the HIV risk factors are intertwined in an intricate manner. The wives of these truck drivers are tested HIV positive indicating that the y have inherited from their husbands and transmission from these high-risk groups is now spreading to the general population. Risk Behaviour Among the Indian Truck Drivers The truck drivers in India show risky sexual behaviours with the CSWs and similarities with the truck drivers of the other countries like Thailand and some parts of Africa. The Thailand and African drivers are less likely to use condoms and the best predictor is the type of relationship that determines the condom use. These truck drivers use condoms with the CSWs and vey less with their partners or wives that is perceived to be steady. However, among the truck drivers in India, there is a high rate of sexual contact with the CSWs along the highway rather than with their partners with less condom use. This shows that they perform unprotected sex with the CSWs with a low rate of condom use that indicates a high prevalence and transmission of HIV among the truck drivers In India. According to a study conducted by Mishra et al. (2012) among the 302 truck drivers in India, 82% of them admitted the CSWs along the highway and only 28% of them regularly used condoms. Another study conducted by Schneider et al. (2012) showed that among the 6000 Indian truck drivers, 87% of them had sex with CSWs and out of them, only 11% used condoms. In an interview conducted by Sgaier et al. (2013) among the Southeastern Indian truck drivers showed that they have scant information regarding the HIV infection transmission or prevention. 300 Indian truck drivers who stayed for a half-day to three days were interviewed who performed the activities of loading and unloading from almost all the parts of India. The results also showed that the Indian truck drivers are one of the major vectors in the HIV transmission and shift to the general population. Similar study conducted by Sastry (2016) illustrated that the is lack of motivation in the Indian truck drivers to use condoms with partners or wives as they displayed negative attitudes towards using condoms, although they perform sex with the CSWs more than their partners. The results did not favour the use of condoms among the Indian truck drivers with their wives. Determinants of HIV The determinants of HIV are mostly determined by the behaviour that results in the transmission of HIV related to sexual behaviour. The sexual behaviour among the truck driver populations has been associated with the HIV transmission in India. In a cross-sectional study conducted by Singh and Joshi (2012) among the long distance truck drivers driving on the national highway in Bhopal, India showed that 49% of them had CSW exposure and prevalence of HIV was found in 21.51 %. They did not use condoms while exposed with CSWs and found careless. The incidence of HIV is seen at the sites of loading and unloading of the trucks where they stop for documentation inspection spending a considerable amount of time. From a psychological aspect, the truck drivers are far away from their families due to their itinerant nature of the occupation that tend them to get exposed to CSWs. Moreover, the Indias trucking population is very disorganized and unstructured that have a loose structure comprising of users, intermediates and truck operators. In addition, India has a large trucking population with strength of 5-6 million classified into long-distance drivers. It has also been found that the long distance truck drivers in India have a substantial amount of exposure with the female sex workers (FSWs) in the major highway routes in India (Tan et al. 2012). Another determinant is the lack of awareness and knowledge about the HIV infection and transmission. A study conducted by (Weine and Kashuba (2012) showed that out of 302 truck drivers were found to be affected by HIV infection. They play a vital role in the transmission of HIV in rural India. Apart from risk sexual behaviour, many of the Indian truck drivers are potential blood donors and that also acts as a potential cause for the transmission of the HIV infection. They are unaware of the HIV and the modes of transmission and spread. They do not have high levels of knowledge regarding HIV and are found careless in adopting the preventative measures. The truck drivers with greater income and long duration of stay away from home is long are more likely to get exposed to CSWs and have multiple partners. In addition, married truck drivers depicted risk sexual behaviour with less use of condoms as compared to the unmarried truck drivers (Saggurti et al. 2012). The determinant of HIV spread is also witnessed at the roadside stops like the dhabas (road side hotels) where the truck drivers stop and have high exposure to CSWs. They stay there for eating and lodging and highly get exposed to CSWs. The mean age of the truck drivers were found to be between 18-40 years. Moreover, the health seeking behaviour is not appropriate among the truck drivers as they tend to seek the healthcare facilities after the progression of the disease or else prefer to get treatment from the unqualified practitioners or home remedies as they are more accessible. In a study conducted by Mitra and Sarkar (2011) showed that there is high level of lack of HIV risk perception among the truck drivers and significantly low or their partners of wives. This makes the truck driver population one of the major vectors in the HIV transmission in India. The availability of condoms is also less among the high risk population like the truck drivers and the dhabas are the main cent res for the exposure to CSWs causing HIV transmission. Moreover, there is less access to the healthcare services that also acts as a potential cause for the spread of HIV among them. Demographic Variables that Influences HIV Risk Behaviour In a series of studies, it was consistently found that the more educated, younger, no-Hindu of the middle to upper caste Indian truck drivers are found to be more apt in using condoms. Moreover, the married truck drivers are found to be using fewer condoms with the non-marital partners like CSWs rather than the unmarried men among the Indian truck drivers. Caste distinction also showed regrettable results where 52% of them were of the middle caste; more than 40% of the truck drivers were of the lower caste and 7% of them were only of high caste. This shows that caste also acts as a barrier in the transmission and prevention of HIV infection (Thomas et al. 2012). Research Strategy The databases used for the literature review are PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL and Cochrane library. These databases were used as they provide the appropriate information with entire coverage of literature for the students, professionals, researchers and educators. The key words or search items include HIV, determinants, India, truck drivers, risk behaviour, HIV transmission and infection. The timeframe of the search was 2011 onwards as there was limited information available from 2013 onwards. The articles and data were analysed on the basis of the themes that the research papers contain mainly focusing on the risk behaviour and determinants of the HIV infection among the Indian truck drivers. The papers of the year 2010 and below were excluded along with the papers that deviate from the main theme of determinants of HIV among the Indian truck drivers. There was no grey literature used in the research. Findings The above literature review shows that there were certain themes that helped in the analysis of the data focusing on 14 research articles focusing on the HIV determinants among the truck drivers in India. There are themes that explain the HIV determinants among the truck drivers are the risk behaviours, time away from home, income, urban and rural residence, condoms use, and place of HIV exposure were found to be the strongest themes that correlates and associated with the spread and transmission of HIV among the trucking population in India. The consistent predictors of the research were the risk behaviours and use of condom along with lack of knowledge and awareness for HIV among the Indian truck drivers. References Ghate, M., Deshpande, S., Tripathy, S., Godbole, S., Nene, M., Thakar, M., Risbud, A., Bollinger, R. and Mehendale, S., 2011. Mortality in HIV infected individuals in Pune, India.Indian Journal of Medical Research,133(4), p.414. Mishra, R.M., Dube, M., Saggurti, N., Pandey, A., Mahapatra, B. and Ramesh, S., 2012. The association between adolescent entry into the trucking industry and risk of HIV among long-distance truck drivers in India.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ),4, p.141. Mitra, A. and Sarkar, D., 2011. Gender inequality and the spread of HIV-AIDS in India.International Journal of Social Economics,38(6), pp.557-572. Pandey, A., Mishra, R.M., Sahu, D., Benara, S.K., Biswas, M., Sengupta, U., Mainkar, M.K. and Adhikary, R., 2012. Heterosexual risk behaviour among long distance truck drivers in India: Role of marital status.Indian Journal of Medical Research,136(7), p.44. Pandey, A., Mishra, R.M., Sahu, D., Benara, S.K., Sengupta, U., Paranjape, R.S., Gautam, A., Lenka, S.R. and Adhikary, R., 2011. Heading towards the Safer Highways: an assessment of the Avahan prevention programme among long distance truck drivers in India.BMC Public Health,11(6), p.S15. Pandey, A., Sahu, D., Bakkali, T., Reddy, D.C.S., Venkatesh, S., Kant, S., Bhattacharya, M., Raj, Y., Haldar, P., Bhardwaj, D. and Chandra, N., 2012. Estimate of HIV prevalence and number of people living with HIV in India 20082009.BMJ open,2(5), p.e000926. Saggurti, N., Nair, S., Malviya, A., Decker, M.R., Silverman, J.G. and Raj, A., 2012. Male migration/mobility and HIV among married couples: cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data from India.AIDS and Behavior,16(6), pp.1649-1658. Sastry, S., 2016. Long distance truck drivers and the structural context of health: a culture-centered investigation of Indian truckers health narratives.Health communication,31(2), pp.230-241. Schneider, J., Kumar, R., Dandona, R., Kumar, P., Kumar, A., Lakshmi, V., Laumann, E., Mayer, K. and Dandona, L., 2012. Social network and risk-taking behavior most associated with rapid HIV testing, circumcision, and preexposure prophylaxis acceptability among high-risk Indian men.AIDS patient care and STDs,26(10), pp.631-640. Sgaier, S.K., Ramakrishnan, A., Dhingra, N., Wadhwani, A., Alexander, A., Bennett, S., Bhalla, A., Kumta, S., Jayaram, M., Gupta, P. and Piot, P.K., 2013. How the Avahan HIV prevention program transitioned from the Gates Foundation to the government of India.Health Affairs,32(7), pp.1265-1273. Singh, R.K. and Joshi, H.S., 2012. Sexual behavior among truck drivers.Indian Journal of Public Health,56(1), p.53. Tan, J.Y., Huedo-Medina, T.B., Warren, M.R., Carey, M.P. and Johnson, B.T., 2012. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of HIV/AIDS prevention interventions in Asia, 19952009.Social Science Medicine,75(4), pp.676-687. Thomas, B., Mimiaga, M.J., Mayer, K.H., Perry, N.S., Swaminathan, S. and Safren, S.A., 2012. The influence of stigma on HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Chennai, India.AIDS care,24(11), pp.1401-1406. Weine, S.M. and Kashuba, A.B., 2012. Labor migration and HIV risk: a systematic review of the literature.AIDS and Behavior,16(6), pp.1605-1621.

Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy Essay Example

Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy Paper Medicare is a national social insurance program which was developed and managed by the United States in order to address the growing needs of the elderly Americans and other people who meet the requirements set by the government in order to qualify for the program. Medicare is offered to citizens of the United States who are 65 years and older and to other people with special disabilities. The Medicare program has been the biggest health insurance, single- payer, health care system in the United States. The Medicare program is enacted as a part of the Social Security Act Amendment in 1965 and was later on put into effect in 1966. The Social Security Act was enacted by the Congress and was later on signed by President Johnson. During the ceremony, President Johnson granted President Truman the privilege of being the first Medicare member and gave him the first ever Medicare card. By the end of 1966, Medicare has given aid and helped approximately 3. 9 million citizens and by 2003, studies show that Medicare has shed light to about 41 million citizens and it is precisely because of this that medicare plays a significant role in maintaining the quality of health care system in the country (Medicare, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medical Nutrition Therapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Medicare was originally under the supervision and control of the Social Security Administration but it was transferred to the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) in 1977. Little by little, the Medicare program was being expanded to include and allow treatment to persons with kidney problems and people below 65 years of age that have certain types of disabilities. Medicare is part of a special program similar to that of the Social Security program of the government therefore it is not based on the monetary need of a person. It is a federal program which is financed by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) and because of this, the rules as to who would qualify as a member stays the same regardless of the place of treatment as long as it is in the United States (Medicare, 2009). The Medicare withholding tax rate is 2. 9% for both the employer and employee. Another 1. 45% of the employees’ wages and the pay matching the amount for the Medicare tax will also be withheld. The good thing about Medicare is that there is no wage base requirement for the tax so all employers and employees may continue paying the Medicare tax regardless of the amount of income (Berlin, 2009). The United States gives subsidy for citizens or residents for five years and over who are above sixty-five years of age, citizens who are physically disabled and has collected his Social Security earnings for at least two years, citizens who are candidates for kidney dialysis or transplant and individuals who have the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS-Lou Gehrig’s disease). The very purpose why Medicare was enacted was to make a difference in the lives of people who have health problems and to support people who do not have the financial capacity to afford treatments (Medicare, n. d. ). Due to its continuing growing numbers, certain changes in the benefits received by the members have to be made. Now, Medicare has two different types of packages for the members. Part A of the Medicare Program covers the hospital insurance and part B covers the supplementary medical insurance. Part A, the hospital insurance, encompasses all the problems experienced in hospital services. The package allows up to a hundred-day care including hospital services in a facility filled of skilled nurses following a hospital stay. If the person is not qualified for the coverage they can still join provided they pay the monthly fee. Part B of the Medicare service is optional and it involves non-hospital services of Medicare; this is called the Supplementary Medical insurance. It covers the follow-up checkup of physicians, hospital care, laboratory services and other hospital services. Medicare also has programs for home health care services. These are some of the recent changes that Medicare implemented over the years. When Medicare first began, the services were purely inpatient hospital care which covers about two-thirds of the total program but as of today, part B of the Medicare program has greatly stretched its horizon thereby representing a little over forty percent of the budget which was about the same amount as that of the inpatient care. Medicare also puts significance in the post-acute care and home cares services for the patients which are handled by a skilled nursing facility. Enrollment in part B of the Medicare program is voluntary but there is a charge for those who choose to join. Signing up for part B is encouraged because the premium charged is only twenty five percent of the total cost of the benefit. The monthly fee for this type of program was $93. 50 in 2007 and it is more likely to rise in the future. Aside from the premium, the Medicare members are required to pay extra charges as a part of the cost- sharing expense. A kind of supplemental insurance called the â€Å"Medicap† is fast-rising. It is recommended by the employers as a component of the retirement package and it may also be bought separately by the beneficiaries. A law was passed in the late 1980’s establishing a Qualified Medicare Beneficiary Program in order to utilize Medicaid to block up the gaps. Several programs such as the Specified Low Income Medicare Beneficiary Program were established primarily to help fill-up the Medicare’s cost sharing for members with small income who are not eligible for a full Medicaid benefit (Moon, 2002). Recent developments enable the government to modify their Medicare services again including a part C of the program. Part C enables the beneficiaries to join in a private health care arrangement and obtain from an exclusive provider all the Medicare services which include both parts A and B. This type of service offered is offered with different payment options which are most suitable for the beneficiary. Medicare is continuously expanding in order to further meet and exceed the expectations of the member for the furtherance of excellence in the quality of health care. In 2006, Part D of the Medicare program is added as a voluntary insurance plan. Beneficiaries of Part D will be charged a certain amount per month in exchange for prescription medicine treatment. The additional cost per month varies depending on the type of coverage chosen. Beneficiaries are encouraged to join this program because while it is voluntary, beneficiaries, especially senior citizens, are in a continuous need for health care assistance. The price of part D increases every year for those who do not immediately sign up for this program. Medicare is specifically designed to provide medical care and not long-term care (LTC) therefore; the Medicare’s treatment is restricted for long term care. Medicare will pay the expenses for LTC as long as the following requirements are met: the seventy-two hour rule, medical necessity and the availability of the place where care can be implemented. The seventy two hour rule provides that a person must be admitted to a hospital facility for at least three full days and nights; the condition must be of such medical necessity that care must be administered in a hospital (Investopedia staff, 2009). As of 2009, the Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates have been updated. The premium for Part A Medicare is now $244 a month for people who have 30-39 quarters of Medicare-covered work. People who are not qualified for a premium-free hospital and have less than 30 quarters of their Medicare covered by their employer, the premium is $443 every month. Part B costs $ 135 every year (Medicare, 2009). Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) was enacted on July 15, 2008 when the former President Bush’s veto was overridden by the Congress. This law made some changes to the Medicare program (Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act, 2008). This newly enacted law made certain changes to the physician pay. In the middle of 2008, the Medicare Physician Fee (MPFS) has a reduced rate of -10. 6 percent or a grant of 1. 1% which has been retroactively substituted with the fee schedule rates which had taken effect starting from January to June. These rates are also being revised in order to increase the fee for several mental health services. The law also states that incentives will be given to doctors who will use electronic prescriptions. This Act aims to include or qualify an individual program that compensates for the Medicare premiums of people who have low-income beneficiaries (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, 2007). One of the reasons why Congress decided to pass the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act is to improve the quality of health care by seeing to it that access to health care services are given to all citizens. The law also enhances the amount of assets that the applicants may enjoy and still be eligible for the Medicare Savings Program which aims to help beneficiaries of low income to compensate for the costs of the Medicare benefits. This legislation also expanded the coverage for the mental health services and gave authorization to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to cover preventive services. In order to raise funds for the increase of salary for doctors and extend the assistance programs for people with low income, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act reduces some of the funds from the Medicare Advantage program; this is a program of private health plans that accept payments from Medicare (Global Legal Information Network, 2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) involves the measurement and evaluation of the nutritional level of the patients suffering from any condition or illness that puts them at risk. It includes the monitoring of a person’s nutritional status and providing him with the proper diet in order to improve his condition such as those caused by diabetes and heart disease. MNT may be classified as a medical necessity for treating, controlling and preventing diseases. This process includes reviewing and analyzing the medical and dietary background of the patient including the laboratory values and the anthropometric measurements (American Dietetic Association, 2009). A healthy eating lifestyle plays a significant role in controlling diabetes and renal ailments. Medicare pays for the medical nutrition therapy in order to lend a hand to individuals who are suffering from diabetes or renal diseases. Services include nutrition and lifestyle check, nutrition counseling and follow-up sessions (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005). The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) laid down procedures for Medicare treatment specifically medical nutrition therapy. Only registered dietitians are qualified to deal with patients. The registered dietitian must have a valid license and a good credential in order to practice the profession. It is also the job of the attending physician to refer them to Medicare in order to be covered under the Medicare Part B. The Medicare plan covers about three hours of personal counseling service during the first year and two hours for every succeeding year depending on the condition. If the diagnosis has been modified, the person with a doctor’s referral may be able to get a few more hours of treatment. Doctor’s prescription and yearly renewal of referral is a requirement for the continued availability of these services every calendar year. The individuals who are qualified with this type of Medicare plan are those who have diabetes and kidney diseases but are not on dialysis or have not experienced kidney transplant. People with an existing Medicare are required to pay twenty percent of the amount for the nutritional diet therapy subject to the deduction of Medicare part B (Medicare, 2008). For purposes of understanding and learning more about medical nutrition therapy, renal disease may be defined as certain medical condition of a person who has been discharged from the hospital within the past six months after a renal transplant. Chronic renal insufficiency involves a decrease in the renal function which is not that serious enough to require a dialysis. Diabetes is defined as an abnormal condition of the glucose metabolism (Medicare coverage of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT), n. d. ). A medical nutrition therapy provider may be given directly by the Medicare Advantage plan or recommended by the doctor. These registered nutrition specialist may be found in hospitals, day care and health clinics. If the provider will be given directly by the Medicare, a beneficiary should ask if they are among the participating providers, the amount of charge and whether or not they accept the assignment. This is important because if the provider declines the assignment or is not one of those qualified by Medicare, the counseling services will not be covered (Medical Nutrition Therapy, 2008). Importance of Nutritional Counseling in Medical Nutrition Therapy Nutrition counseling involves a mixture of knowledge in nutrition as well as proper psychological training which will be delivered by a highly-qualified nutrition counselor who has the ability to understand and work in a medical setting. The main priority of these sessions is to focus on the nutrition intake of a person and his feelings while eating. Studies show that a deep approach can provide excellent dietary obedience results. This is important in medical nutrition therapy because it gives a coherent framework thereby preparing the atmosphere for maximum dietary adherence always keeping in mind that the main goal of nutritional counseling should be to achieve full nutritional devotion. Nutritional counseling together with medical nutrition therapy can produce amazing effects in improving the health of a person. In medical nutrition therapy, the patient’s nutritional intake is being monitored in order to monitor, treat and prevent all possible illness which is affected with the food intake of a person (Snetselaar, n. d. , p. 3, 10). A Brief Comparison of the Nutrition Care Process for Nutrition Education and Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Nutrition Education may be defined as the strengthening of the fundamental or vital nutrition-related information while Medical nutrition therapy is a more detailed application of the whole nutrition care process in any medical setting which centers mainly on the examination and management of ailments. As compared to nutrition education, Medical nutrition therapy involves a deeper assessment of the nutrition level of a certain individual. In nutrition education, interested persons often take the initiative to go to healthy nutrition classes or to consult a physician while in Medical nutrition therapy, the primary care provider sends the dietetics professional or registered dietitians (DTR or RD) written referrals for examinations of kidney related diseases or diabetes. In nutrition education, the dietetics professionals inquire about the person’s concern and any nutritional questions and sometimes they often make the person answer a certain questionnaire prior to setting up an appointment. In MNT the Dietetics professional himself gauges the nutrition level using the MNT Evident-based guidelines and the best available client information such as the medical records and then makes his diagnosis after proper analysis. In nutrition education, dietetics professional gives the client information about nutrition and taking care of the heart and body and relays information as to what he needs to most but in MNT; the good thing is that the dietetics professional himself identifies the client’s needs and sets up goals to be achieved by the client. After setting up the goals and motivating the client, the registered dietitian arranges several visits in order to monitor and check if the client is indeed doing some adjustments in his lifestyle in order to solve his nutritional problems and medical condition (The American Dietetic Association, 2006). Training is essential for a registered dietitian in order to attain a cost-efficient medical nutrition therapy program. Registered dietitians are recommended to attend seminars and special classes in order to hone and enhance their skills. Medical nutrition therapy follows a certain guideline in order to guarantee that the patient is getting the best care and treatment possible. The main purpose of evaluation in medical nutrition therapy is to find out and measure the persons’ need for therapy and to set the boundaries and generate ideas as to how to develop an effective plan that should give the best results on the individual. The medical background and history of an individual is necessary in order to administer the proper care to the individual. Prior operations, medication and maintenance should be investigated because it may affect the outcome of the therapy. A prior history of paralysis for instance, may affect the person’s capacity to eat thereby restricting his mobility and increasing the risk of complications which calls for a good nutrition intake in order to be cured. Some medicinal components may react badly and impede with the absorption of nutrients. Several dietary supplements and vitamins may also cause nutritional imbalance (Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z, 2008). Physical assessment for medical nutritional therapy includes information about the individual like the sex, body mass index, weight and height. Physical feature is also necessary because some nutritional deficiencies manifest in appearances such as iron deficiencies which appears in the hair and nails. Weight history is also important because sudden increase or loss of weight indicates a nutritional dilemma (Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z, 2008). Psychosocial assessment pertains to the profile of the person’s financial status, cultural and ethnical background, educational attainment, career or occupation, mental health and access to proper food source in order to consistently achieve good health. These factors help determine a person’s ability to follow through on his therapies. If a person is living in a house plenty of occupants or has a small income, there is a tendency of limited food access. Some exceptional situations provide for a total change in living environment in order experience development in his nutritional health. For example, a person with amputated legs has been diagnosed with diabetes and is living alone may eat only once or twice a day. There is a big possibility that his access to food may be very limited due to the difficulty of his situation. It would be best if he transferred to another facility where he can ask for assistance anytime. Reviewing the dietary history is a necessary assessment. It can be evaluated through the use of a food questionnaire or a food diary. In determining the quantity of sodium and fat in the diet, examination of the food preparation methods is necessary (Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z, 2008). Studies show that there are several public related health benefits of medical nutrition therapy. The American Diabetes Association recommended a new guideline that prioritizes nutrition intervention as an essential part of a change in lifestyle which is extremely necessary in diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention. It is also beneficial to put attention on the totality of the dietary pattern of a person as compared to individual nutrient approach. Studies also show that there is a twelve percent decrease in the risk of heart disease if the dietary regimen of a person focuses on increasing fruit and vegetable intake and avoid eating sodium rich products. A combination of diet therapy and food consumption of garlic, low cholesterol and low fat diets would greatly lower the risk for the development of a chronic heart disease. Research provides that counseling provided by registered dietitians produce more effective results in decreasing the cholesterol level as compared to the counseling done by physicians (Health Steps, Rx, n. d. ). Medical Nutrition Therapy plays a very significant part in improving the quality of care of persons who have various complications and diseases. Most of the time, people with chronic kidney diseases do not consult a dietitian is because of the deficiency of insurance treatment for medical nutrition therapy. Undergoing this therapy can help improve their health and lifestyle. As a matter of fact, it is encouraged that even people without sickness should have their nutritional assessment just to make sure that they are getting the right amount of nutrition the body needs. When it comes to a person’s health, it pays more to be careful. Most people go through life day by day without realizing that little by little their nutritional intake is going to a dangerous level that might cause or aggravate any present disease that they have. http://www. weber. edu/WSUImages/athletictraining/Medical%20Nutrition%20Therapy%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D. pdf References American Dietetic Association. (2009). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. eatright. org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs. xsl/advocacy_2162_ENU_HTML. htm Benedict, M. (2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. faqs. org/nutrition/Kwa-Men/Medical-Nutrition-Therapy. html Berlin, R. (2009). What are Payroll Taxes?. Law. com. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://www. alllaw. com/articles/tax/article5. asp Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2007). Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. cms. hhs. gov/apps/media/press/release. asp? counter=3200 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2005). Medical Nutrition Therapy Services. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. cms. hhs. gov/MedicalNutritionTherapy/03_BeneResources. asp Global Legal Information Network. (2008). Medicare Improvements for Patients and providers Act of 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. glin. gov/view. action? glinID=63996 Health Steps Rx. ( N. d. ). Evidence Supports Medical Nutrition Therapy for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. healthstepsrx. com/services/other/files/MNTevidence. pdf (2000). Medicare. The Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery. The Thompson Gale Group Inc. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/medicare Investment Dictionary. (N. d. ). Medicare. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/medicare. asp Investopedia Staff. (2009). What Does Medicare Cover?. Investopedia, A Forbes Digital Company. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/05/030405. asp? partner=answers Medicare Coverage of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT). N. d. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from www. rd411. com/diabetes_center/article_download. php? ID=26pro Medicare. (2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. medicare. gov/Health/nutritiontherapy. asp Medicare. com. (2008). Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. medicare. com/services-and-procedures/medical-nutrition-therapy. html Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates for 2009. (2008). Medicare. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://questions. medicare. gov/cgi-bin/medicare. cfg/php/enduser/std_adp. php? p_faqid=2100 Moon, M. (2002). Medicare. The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health. New York; MacMillan. Snetselaar, L. (N. d. ) Nutrition Counseling Skills for Medical Nutrition Therapy. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://books. google. com. ph/books? id=kXaiWrLYLbACpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=definition+of+medical+nutrition+therapysource=blots=LlPrjejFPbsig=A5nP8fm343viXPhmWvi402k5QNAhl=tlei=5oL2SZq_F4yIkAWRp6X3Cgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4#PPR5,M1 The American Dietetic Association. (2006). Comparison of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) Nutrition Care Process for Nutrition Education Services and the ADA Nutrition Care Process for Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Services. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from http://www. eatright. org/ada/files/chart_of_mnt_vs__nut_ed_revised_short_version_8_06. pdf

Free Essays on COLLEGE

High school is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 1300 SAT and a 2.7 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I underwent at the start of this year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured and am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my new attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you that I will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate the ability to choose my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging than high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required courses that I might be less than enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-... Free Essays on COLLEGE Free Essays on COLLEGE I’ve gained, I’ve lost, I’ve found, I’ve cried, I’ve laughed, I’ve loved, I’ve hated, I’ve discovered, I’ve forgotten, these are what best exemplify my past year. The transition from high school to college was bigger then I could have ever imagined. Not so much academically, but emotionally. I think that I have grown as a person, and learnt much more then could be taught at school. The summer between high school and college, I lost people that were very dear to me, lost people that knew me, that loved me and understood me. At the beginning of the school year, I stayed with the people that I knew, but soon I met new people, people that have brought so much in my life, in such a tremendously short period of time. These people, while looking back, I cannot envision what my life might have been like without them. I can not imagine going to school and not seeing them, having problems and not crying on their shoulders, them hav ing a life that I was not part of. It’s funny how life changes, when the people you were once close to become total strangers, and total strangers become people you are close too. Life has its very unexpected twists and turns, which unfortunately are not always good. One lesson that I have learnt this year is that you cannot dwell upon things. You have to move on, and discover how to solve your problems, even the problems that may seem impenetrable. You have to live life thinking that things will get better, and that all your pain and sorrows are just part of the gift of life, where all that your pain can really do is just make you stronger as a person. That’s were the phrase â€Å"What doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger† comes in play. A year is an immense period of time; the numerous amounts of things that can happen within the time span of a year are unbelievable. You can fall in love, fall out of love, discover a best friend, and make a new ene my, so many things can happen. Although not... Free Essays on College Leaving from home and exploring ones own dreams are a very important part of maturing. Though, the physical separation from home is for some a difficult transition to college life. What are those things one takes for granted while living at home, and attending high school? What changes does one face upon entering college? Just think of all the times the alarm clock did not go off, and mom was there to make sure school was still reached on time. When the alarm clock fails to go off at college, then the first class of the day is simply missed. At home breakfast is made to order: eggs, bacon, pancakes, or even French toast. In college one finds a particular meal that is edible, and must stick with it. A cabinet could be opened at home and a variety of tasty foods are readily available. In college a meal card is swiped though a machine upon entering the cafeteria, and the word "tasty" rarely enters the mind. Mom is at home to make sure the dishes are put away after the meal by everyone; dish duty is passed along each night. The tray is simply handed over to pairs of hands waiting to clean the dishes at college. Nutrition is a factor at home, and Mom creates meals with that in mind. A new food group sprang to life upon entering a residence hall: Mountain Dew, Doritos, Ben & JerryÕs, Ho-Ho! Ôs, Oreos, the list could go on and on. Privacy is always available at home; there is somewhere to read, write, listen to music, or to just rest. Dorm life is a harsh reality to college, and the only time the room is empty is on a Thursday night. At home a bedroom is somewhere to keep all personal belongings; there is a particular space for everything to fit. Space efficiency becomes a survival tactic in college. When at home there is no worry of someone coming into the bedroom unless permission is given to enter. In college a day without at least ten random visitors is considered boring. At home, family was the only peop... Free Essays on College My name is Jamie-Rae Mathers and instead of making this a flowery fairytale about myself, I want to focus on revealing characteristics that give you an opportunity to learn more about me as a person as well as a writer. I have many qualities and achievements in addition to my passion for the arts that will enable me to be successful in my post college graduation plans. However I believe attending the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts to study journalism will be the cornerstone to my success. After graduating college, I want to work for a magazine to write about one of the two things I love: art and fashion. I am utterly devoted to learning. Doing research and coming up with new and creative ideas for subjects to write about, is something I will truly enjoy doing as part of my career. Enjoying my career is much more important to me than making a fortune. I honestly pity anyone who has to work a job they hate everyday. I understand that to obtain the career I want I must work for it. It’s not often that someone starts at the top. I also refuse to limit myself as a writer. I relish in the arts, but see myself learning and writing about all sorts of diverse subjects. My key ambition is to express myself through the art of literature. I have numerous amounts of qualities, skills, and talent to bring to your school. I am an adept leader in virtually all that I undertake. Another quality that allows me to excel is I am remarkably creative. I am constantly told by teachers, friends, and family how immensely innovative I am in assignments and projects that I take on. Perseverance is an attribute that I am certain I posses. I was taught from a young age to never give up. Certain skills that I posses to help me succeed include a great deal of knowledge in English and grammar. My study has provided me with a sense of myself as a citizen of the world. I have analyzed and interpreted a variety of literature representing many genres, time peri... Free Essays on College From my college experience, I hope to gain many things. Obviously college is a time that students can truly become individuals. When I attend college I will have the opportunity to become more independent and to take on new responsibilities. I have always relied on my parents for support, but at college I will be on y own an will have to push myself harder. This will help me to become more mature and will help me grow in character. Right now I have a fairly accurate idea concerning what I want to do with my life. Yet, I am also aware that I may change my mind several times before I begin a career. College will introduce me to new and various things, an I will develop new interests from this exposure. During my high school years, I have been very involved in school and community activities. In college, I will also be exposed to new clubs and activities. Involvement in extra events has provided a balance for rigorous course study. With the pressures college brings, I will probably want to be involved in many groups. I hope to find a balance between my studies and my social life, and I hope to offer my leadership qualities to my college community.... Free Essays on College High school is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 1300 SAT and a 2.7 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I underwent at the start of this year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured and am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my new attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you that I will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate the ability to choose my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging than high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required courses that I might be less than enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-...